Medication (FUBDA) Flashcards
Substance administered for diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of symptom or for prevention of disease
Medication
Same as medication but also refers to illicitly obtained substance
Drug
Written direction for preparation and administration of a drug
Prescription
Name used throughout the drug’s lifetime
Generic name
Given by drug manufacturer
Identifies it as property of that company
Trade (brand) name
Name by which drug is listed in official publications
Official name
Name by which a chemist knows it
Describes constituents of the drug precisely
Chemical name
Study of effect of drugs on living organisms
Pharmacology
Study of effect of drugs on living organisms
Pharmacology
Prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered
Pharmacy
Implemented by Food Drug Administration FDA: requires that labels be accurate and that all drugs be tested for harmful effects
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
Person who prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered
Pharmacist
Clearly differentiate drugs that can be sold only with a prescription those that can be sold without a prescription and those that should not be refilled without a new prescription
Durkham-Humphrey Amendment (1952)
Requires proof of safety and efficacy of a drug for approval
Kefauver-Harris Ammendment (1962)
Categorizes controlled substance and limits how often a prescription can be filled: established government-funded programs to prevent and treat drug dependence
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act(1970)
Controled Substance Act
Desired effect
Reason drug is prescribed
Therapeutic effect
Secondary effect
Unintended, usually predictable
May be harmless or harmful
Side effect
More severe side effect
May justify discontinuation of a drug
Adverse effect
Results from overdose, ingestion of external-use drug, or buildup of drug in blood
Drug toxicity
Unusually low physiological response
Requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect
Drug tolerance
Immunologic reaction to drug
Mild to severe reactions
Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylaxis
Drug allergy
Drug tolerance
Increased effect resulting from rate of dosage being higher than rate of excretion
Cumulative effect
Drug tolerance
Unexpected; may be individual to client
Idiosyncratic effect
One or both drugs is increased.
Potentiating effect
One drug alters effect of other drug(s)
Drug interaction
Two of same types of drugs increase action of each other.
Additive
Two different drugs increase action of one or another.
Synergistic
Effect of one or both drugs is decreased.
Inhibiting effect
Disease unintentionally caused by medical or drug therapy
Iatrogenic disease
Time interval required for body’s elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one-half
Half-life
Mechanism of drug action and relationships between drug concentration and the body’s responses
Pharmacodynamics
Drug’s target
Receptor
Same response as endogenous substance
Agonist
Study of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacokinetics
Transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action
Distribution
Also called detoxification or metabolism
Process by which a drug is converted to a less active form
Biotransformation
Products of this process Biotransformation
Metabolites
Process by which metabolites eliminated
Mostly through urine
Excretion
Study of the effect of racial, ethnic responses to prescribed medication
Ethnopharmacology
Not to be swallowed, but dissolved
Sublingual
Cheek
Buccal
the Rx symbik meaning
“take thou
Metric system
Devised by the French
Logically organized into units of 10
Apothecaries’ system
Older than metric system
Grain, minim basic units
Do not use; unfamiliar to many
NPO “nothing by mouth” or Latin
“nil per os”
May be used when more accurate systems not required
Household system
NPO
“nothing by mouth”
Syringes
Requires needle to be twisted onto it
Luer-Lok syringe
Syringes
Has smooth graduated tip
Needles are slipped onto it
Non-Luer-Lok syringe
Glass container designed to hold a single dose of a drug
Must be broken at constricted neck to access medication
Ampule
Small glass bottle with sealed rubber cap
Vial
intramuscular Injections
Preferred
No large nerves, vessels
Sealed off by bone
Ventrogluteal site
Intramuscular Injections
Best for infants, young children
Vastus lateralis site
Intramuscular Injections
Easily accessible to clients who administer their own injection
May cause discomfort for some people
Rectus femoris site
Intramuscular Injections
Not preferred, should be avoided
Close to sciatic nerve and superior gluteal nerve
Complications have occurred.
Numbness
Pain
Paralysis
Dorsogluteal site
Rectus femoris site
Close to radial nerve, artery
No more than 1 mL of solution can be administered
Hepatitis B vaccine
Deltoid site
Also called Z-track
Less painful
Decreases leakage of irritant medication into subcutaneous tissue
Traps medication in muscle layer
Intramuscular Injection Technique
Route appropriate for rapid effect (direct to bloodstream) or for medication that irritates tissue
Intravenous Medications
Main danger is hypervolemia
Intravenous Medications
Intermittent intravenous infusions
Tandem
Piggyback
Percutaneous
Transdermal patch
Skin applications
Clean skin before applying
Wear gloves
Use surgical asepsis in presence of open wound
Topical Medications
Liquid or ointment medication into eye
Irrigation
Instillation
Ophthalmic medications
Administer medication to external auditory canal
Irrigation
Instillation
Otic medications
Shrink swollen mucus membranes
Loosen secretions and facilitate drainage
Treat infections of nasal cavity and sinuses
Nasal medications
Rectal medications
Inserting a rectal suppository
Assist client to left lateral or left ____ position
Sims
o book containing a list of products used in medicine
o describes drug sources, properties, tests done,
storage methods, assay category, normal dosages.
U.S. Pharmacopeia
- severe allergic reaction usually occurs
immediately after the administration of the
drug
Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylaxis
for low blood preassure
Norepinephrine bitartrate
for high body temperature
aspirin
for pain
morphine sulfate, aspirin
for hyperthyroidism
thyroxine
For diabetes melitus
insulin
for leukemia
busufultan
for return body to health
vitamins and minerals
itching of skin with or without rash
pruritus
edema due to increased permeability of the blood capillaries
angioedema
excessive watery discharge from nose
rhinitis
excessive tearing
lacrimal tearing
stimulation of these centers in the brain
nausea vomitting
shortness of breath in inhale exhale due to accumulated fluids and swelling of the respiratory tissues
wheezing and dyspnea
irritation of the mucosa of the large intestine
diarrhea
o inappropriate intake of a substance, either
continually or periodically
o By definition, drug use is abusive when society
considers it abusive.
- Drug abuse
a person’s reliance on or need to take a drug or
substance
Drug dependence
o denotes a mild form of psychological dependence.
The individual develops the habit of taking the
substance and feels better after taking it.
Habitual
DRUGS LIFE
o Initially: 100%
o After 8 hours: 50%
o After 16 hours: 25%
o After 24 hours: 12.5%
o After 32 hours: 6.25%
the time after administration when the body initially
responds to the drug.
- Onset of action
o the highest plasma level achieved by a single dose
when the elimination rate of the drug equals the
absorption rate.
- Peak plasma level
a maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma
during a series of scheduled doses.
Plateau
– Doses tailored to a client’s genetic
makeup.
Pharmacogenomics –
o the study of the effect of racial and ethnic
differences/responses to prescribed medication
Ethnopharmacology
o Branch of pharmacology that examines the role of
genetics in a drug response.
Pharmacogenetics
