Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Medical Science 9 > Flashcards

Medical Science 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What causes an infectious disease?

A

Pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes a non-infectious disease?

A

Bad nutrition, aging, genetics, mental health disorders, chemical deficiencies, environmental disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define a disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Anything that causes an infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define a virus

A

A nucleic acid in a protein coat that is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a bacteria

A

Unicellular organism with a cell wall but no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define a fungus

A

Unicellular or multicellular organism with a cell wall and nucleus but no chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define a host

A

An animal or plant that nourishes a parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define a symptom

A

Outward evidence of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define transmission

A

the transfer of a pathogen from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define a vector

A

A carrier organism that transfers a pathogen from one host to another host of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define a fomite

A

A non-living object that can transfer a pathogen from one host to another of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define an antiobiotic

A

A medicine that slows the growth or destroys bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define an inflammatory response

A

The body’s response to tissue injury in order to remove the cause, clear away dead cells and initiate tissue repair; characterised by pain, redness, swelling, warmth, and loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define a phagocyte

A

Type of cell in the immune system capable of engulfing another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define an antigen

A

A chemical, usually a protein, cpabale of triggering the immmune response, especially the production of an anitbody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define an antibody

A

A specific protein that binds to a sepcific antigen that neutralises the antigen and leads to it’s destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define a vaccination

A

Preventative treatment with an altered antigen in order to produce immunity against a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define an endemic

A

Disease is always present at a constant level in a partcular place (e.g. chicken pox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define an epidemic

A

A sudden increase in the level of infection in a particular place (e.g. common cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define a pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across a large area, like countires and continents (e.g. COVID-19)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define an outbreak

A

The sudden occurence of a disease in a community or in a certain area in greater numbers than expected

22
Q

Define a risk factor

A

Any characteristic of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

23
Q

list all 6 types of pathogens

A
  1. parasites (tapeworm)
  2. protozoa (malaria)
  3. fungi (athletes foot)
  4. prokaryote (leprosy)
  5. virus (AIDS)
  6. prion (CJD)
24
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for Poliomyelitis

A

Pathogen - Polio virus
Symptoms and signs - paralysis, fatigue, fever, muscle weakness, nausea
Transmission - Contact (saliva) and faeces
Treatment - pain relievers, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs

25
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for Helicobacter plyori infection

A

Pathogen - Carcinogen bacteria (prokaryote)
Symptoms and Signs - an ache or burning in the stomach, loss of apetite, bloating, weight loss
Transmission - contact (saliva or vomit) and faeces
Treatment - a combination of antibiotics

26
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for oral thrush

A

Pathogen - candidiasisis fungi
Symptoms and Signs - creamy white lesions on the tounge, inner cheek, roof of mouth, gums or tonsils
Transmission - contact (saliva) and contaminated food
Treatment - anti-fungal medication

27
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for malaria

A

Pathogen - plasmodium protozoa
Symptoms and Signs - chills, fever, pain in the abdomen or muscles, shivering, sweating, mental confusion
Transmission - the bite of an infected female mosquito, blood and tissues
Treatment - chloroquine

28
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for head lice

A

Pathogen - macroparasite
Symptoms and Signs - itching scalp, visible lice, lice eggs on hair
Transmission - contact (hair)
Treatment - medicated shampoos for combing and removing lice

29
Q

List 8 physical and chemical barriers

A
  1. mucus traps pathogens and dust and produces antibodies (c & p)
  2. nose hair traps pathogens and larger particles (p)
  3. cilia beats out pathogens (p)
  4. sebaceous glands secrete acid that kills bacteria and pathogens & skin is physical barrier (c & p)
  5. stomach acid kills pathogens on food (c)
  6. intestinal fauna keeps good bacteria that destroy bad bacteria (c)
  7. bladder frequent urination prevents bacteria buildup (p)
  8. duodenum changes pH to destroy pathogens (c)
30
Q

Describe the steps of the inflammatory response

A
  1. pathogens/bacteria enter the body
  2. mast cells are activated and produce histamines
  3. histamines cause vasodilation to increase the blood flow to bring more phagocytes
  4. Permeability of the blood vessels increase which allows the phagocytes to enter the tissue fluid causing redness and heat
31
Q

Describe the steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. phagocyte recognises the pathogen as foreign
  2. bacteria is engulfed and stored in phagosome
  3. lysosome releases digestive enzymes into the phagosome
  4. enzymes digest the bacteria and rip it to pieces
  5. remains of the bacteria are removed by exocytosis
32
Q

What is this process?

A

Phagocytosis

33
Q

What are the types of B Lymphocytes?

A

Plasma B cell and Memory B cell

34
Q

What do plasma B cells do?

A

They produce antibodies that are specific to an antigen and prevent pathogens from entering cells & causes them to clump together (neutralises pathogens)

35
Q

What do Memory B cells do?

A

They remember the antigen on the pathogen and release specific antibodies so that next time it can be destroyed before you’re sick

36
Q

What are the types of T Lymphocytes?

A

Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and Memory T cells

37
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

alert the immune system of infection by releasing cytokines

38
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill/destroy infected cells by releasing chemicals that cause the cell to lysis

39
Q

What is lysis?

A

The breaking down of the membrane of a cell

40
Q

What are the lines of defence in order?

A
  1. physical and chemical barriers
  2. inflammatory response and phagocytosis
  3. the immune response
41
Q

Outline the steps of how a vaccine works

A
  1. you are injected with a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens
  2. Helper T cells signal the immune system of antigens by releasing cytokines
  3. Plasma B cells detect the pathogen and release antibodies specific to the pathogen that destroys it
  4. Your body produces memory B and T cells
  5. Your body now knows how to destroy the pathogen before you get sick
42
Q

Why did the first polio vaccine cause problems?

A

One batch was made incorrectly causing people to get sick/die

43
Q

Describe how each polio vaccine was made

A

The first one was made by inactivating the polio virus with the chemical formaldehyde. The second was made using weakened viruses.

44
Q

Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, transmission and treatment for COVID-19

A

Pathogen - SARS-CoV-2 (virus)
Signs and symptoms - cough, fever, sore throat, difficulty breathing, loss of taste/smell
Transmission - Contact (bodily fluids) and air
Treatment - Self care, but vaccine can prevent

45
Q

Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for coronary heart disease

A

Cause/Risk factor - Obesity, smoking, alcohol/drugs, high cholesterol, genetics
Symtoms and signs - Pain in the left side of the chest, indigestion, nausea, fast heart rate, shortness of breath
Prevention/treatment - Having a balanced diet, stopping substance abuse, exercise more, medication, angioplasty

46
Q

Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Mesothelioma

A

Cause/Risk factor - Asbestos exposure
Symtoms and signs - Pain in the chest or ribs, fatigue, night sweats, coughing, shortness of breath
Prevention/treatment - Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, staying away from asbestos

47
Q

Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Depression

A

Cause/Risk factor - Genetics, drug/alcohol use, stressful events, illness, loneliness, personality, giving birth
Symtoms and signs - Anxiety, intense sadness, apathy, not enough or excess sleep, mood swings, irritability, lack of or excess hunger
Prevention/treatment - Medication, therapy, being social, reaching out to trusted people, stopping substance abuse

48
Q

Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Obesity

A

Cause/Risk factor - Unhealthy eating, lack of exercise, genetics, smoking, medication, alcohol
Symtoms and signs - Pain in the back or joints, overweight, binge eating, fatigue, pot belly
Prevention/treatment - Having a balanced diet, stopping substance abuse, exercise more, diet, exercise

49
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

A phagocyte that works in blood circulation

50
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A phagocyte which works in tissue

51
Q

Label the pathogens from left to right

A

Parasite, protozoa, fungi, prokaryote, virus, prion

52
Q

What do Memory T cells do?

A

They remember the antigen in order to start the immune response faster

Science (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions