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Science > Dynamic Earth 9 > Flashcards

Dynamic Earth 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a fossil

A

Any evidence of once-living organisms from the distant past

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2
Q

Define a focus

A

The point of origin for the energy released from an earthquake

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3
Q

Outline the supercontinents in order

A
  1. Pangea
  2. Gondwana
  3. Pannotia
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4
Q

Describe the evidence of continental drift

A
  • The same fern was found of 5 continents
  • Rock types align along South America and Africa where they used to be connected
  • Fossils of certain animals had been found in Antarctica, India and Africa
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5
Q

Outline the structure of the Earth from the outside inwards

A
  1. Crust (thick, solid)
  2. Mantle (deep, semi-liquid)
  3. Outer core (thick, liquid)
  4. Inner core (solid)
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6
Q

What is the difference between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

A

The lithosphere consists of the crust, plates and upper-solid crust. The asthenosphere is the liquid that tectonic plates slide over. The asthenosphere is also part of the upper mantle.

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7
Q

Outline how convection currents in magma move tectonic plates

A

As the hot outer core heats up the mantle at the bottom, the hot mantle rises until it cools down and falls back down again

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8
Q

What is this?

A

Convection currents

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9
Q

What is plate divergence?

A

Plates moving away from each other

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10
Q

What is plate convergence?

A

Plates moving towards each other

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11
Q

What is plate transformation?

A

Plates sliding against each other

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12
Q

Describe the effects, structures created, and volcanic activity in plate divergence

A

Effects - constructive (creates rock)
Structures created - ridge/rift
Volcanic activity - yes

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13
Q

Describe the effects, structures created, and volcanic activity in plate convergence

A

Effects - destructive (rock destroyed)
Structure created - trench
Volcanic activity - Yes

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14
Q

Describe the effects, structures created, and volcanic activity in plate tranlsation

A

Effects - conservative (rock neither created not destroyed)
Structures - None
Volcanic activity - none

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15
Q

What is this?

A

Plate divergence

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16
Q

What is this?

A

Plate convergence

17
Q

What is this?

A

Plate translation

18
Q

Define an earthquake

A

A sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth due to the release of energy stored in rocks

19
Q

What is the Richter scale based on?

A

The earthquake’s intensity

20
Q

What is the Mercalli Scale based on?

A

The effects that the earthquake had on humans and the destruction caused

21
Q

Define Epicentre

A

the point on the earth’s surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake

22
Q

What are the 3 types of seismic waves?

A

S waves, P waves, and L waves

23
Q

Outline the type of wave, relative speed and materials able to be travelled through of S waves

A

Type of wave - transverse
Relative speed - slower
Can travek through - solids only, can’t move through liquid outer core

24
Q

Outline the type of wave, relative speed and materials able to be travelled through of P waves

A

Type of wave - longitudinal
Relative speed - faster
Can travek through - solids & liquids, can move through liquid outer core

25
Q

Describe L waves

A

Last to arrive, surface waves that can travel through the crust only, almost entirely responsible for earthquake destruction, the deeper the focus the less the strength of L waves

26
Q

What is the green?

A

Areas of earthquake activity

27
Q

What is the blue?

A

Rift Valley

28
Q

What is the pink?

A

Ring of fire

29
Q

What is the purple?

A

Mid-atlantic ridge

30
Q

What type of waves is the right side?

A

P waves

31
Q

What type of waves is the left side?

A

S waves

32
Q

Describe 4 secondary dangers from a volcanic eruption

A
  1. landslides
  2. tsunamis
  3. water contamination
  4. wildfires
33
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

A path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.

34
Q

How can a volcanic island form?

A

As volcanoes erupt, they build up layers of lava that may eventually break the water’s surface. When the tops of the volcanoes appear above the water, an island is formed.

35
Q

What is the difference between dormant and extinct volanoes?

A

Dormant volcanoes have not erupted in a long time but are expected to erupt again in the future. Extinct volcanoes are those which have not erupted in human history

36
Q

Outline the DART system

A
  1. a tsunametre detects the change in water pressure caused by a tsunami
  2. this sends a signal to the DART surface buoy
  3. This signal is sent via satellite to the Tsunami Warning centres where an alert is issued
37
Q

What is the Rift Valley in Africa?

A

The Rift Valley in Africa has magnetic minerals which preseverd the Earth’s magnetic fingerprint as they cooled & hardened into rock

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