Body Coordination 9 Flashcards
What do cells require for life?
Glucose and oxygen
What waste do cells produce?
Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste (turns into urea)
Which systems supply cells with gases?
Respiratory and Circulatory
Which system supplies cells with nutrients?
Digestive
What system gets rid of cells waste
excretory system
Describe the stimulus response model
Stimulus → Receptor → Control → Effector → Response
What are the steps of negative feedback?
- A change in the body is detected
- A message is sent to a gland or organ
- A response is initiated and the body returns to its normal state
What is the stimulus response model for carbon dioxide level in blood?
Stimulus (CO2 levels increase)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
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Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
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Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (CO2 is back to normal)
What is the stimulus response model for oxygen level in blood?
Stimulus (O2 levels decrease)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
↓
Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
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Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (O2 is back to normal)
What is the stimulus response for glucose rising in the blood?
Stimulus (glucose levels rise)
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Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose rising)
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Control (insulin is released by pancreas into blood)
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Effector (insulin instructs the muscle to absorb glucose and convert it into glycogen)
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Response (blood glucose level falls)
What is the stimulus response for glucose falling in the blood?
Stimulus (glucose levels fall)
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Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose falling)
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Control (glucagon is released into blood)
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Effector (glucagon instructs the liver and muscle to convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into the blood)
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Response (blood glucose level rises)
What is the stimulus response for water levels?
Stimulus (low water levels)
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Receptor (hypothalamus detects low water levels)
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Control (Pituitary gland released ADH into blood)
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Effector (ADH instructs kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood)
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Response (Water level in the blood increases which means less urine when peeing and a darker colour of pee)
What is the main purpose of the nervous system?
To help all the parts of the body to communicate with each other
What are the organs in the nervous system?
Sensory organs, sensory nerves, motor nerves, interneurons, spinal cord, brain
What do sensory organs do?
They react to stimuli (e.g. sounds, light, heat)
What do sensory nerves do?
carry signals from outer body to CNS (receptor)
What do motor nerves do?
Carry signals from CNS to outer body (effector)
What do interneurons do?
Transmit signals between sensory and motor nerves to coordinate a response
What does the spinal cord do?
Controls reflex actions and carries signals from your brain to your body and vice versa
What does the brain do?
Controls everything that isn’t a reflex action
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS)
What does the CNS do?
It processes information and tells the body how to respond
What does the PNS do?
It carries messages to and from the CNS to other parts of the body
What are the parts of the PNS?
Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?
It controls the activities of the body that happen without thinking (e.g. digesting, pupil changing size, heart beating)
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
It collects information from surroundings through receptors in sensory organs and coordinates movement of the body
What are the parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
What does the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?
Speeds everything up, diverts blood flow to lungs and muscles, increases heart rate and blood flow to the heart, dilates pupils, gets body in fight or flight
What does the Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?
Slows everything down, involved in digestion, in control while resting
What is the structure of a sensory neuron?
Dendrites on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, cell body in the middle of axon sticking out, and axon terminal on the other end
What is the structure of a motor neuron?
Dendrites sticking out of cell body on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, and axon terminal with dendrites on the other end
What is the structure of an interneuron?
Dendrites and cell body on one end, short axon in the middle, pre-synaptic terminal on the other end
What part of the brain is in colour?
Cerebrum
What part of the brain is in colour?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain is in colour?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain is in colour?
Brain stem
What part of the brain is in colour?
Pituitary Gland
What does the cerebrum do?
Controls voluntary movements and is responsible for:
- Sensation of stimuli
- Behaviour and emotions
- Memory, judgement and intelligence
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates movement of voluntary muscles and maintains balance
What does the brainstem do?
Responsible for breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep
What does the hypothalamus do?
Controls blood pressure and body temperature. Regulates:
- levels of thirst and hunger
- emotions such as anger and pleasure
- sleep patterns
What does the pituitary gland do?
Produces and releases several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions (e.g. growth hormone, insulin)
What is the purpose of the endocrine system?
Regulates all biological processes including brain development and growth
What are the organs in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries
What does the thyroid gland do?
Controls the chemical reactions in the cells of the body
What does the pineal gland do?
Receives information about light from the environment to produce and secrete melatonin
What does the adrenal gland do?
Gets the body ready for action by speeding up the heart and breathing rate
What does the pancreas do?
Controls the amount of sugar in the blood
What do the testes do?
Control the male sex characteristics
What do the ovaries do?
Control the female sex characteristics
What are examples of hormones?
Adrenaline, insulin, oestrogen, testosterone
Describe the reflex arc
Receptor
⇣
Sensory Nerve
⇣
Relay Nerve
⇣
Motor Nerve
⇣
Effector
What affects reaction times?
age, sex, fitness, alcohol, distraction, fatigue
Describe the stress response
Stimulus (eyes and ears detect danger)
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Control (Amygdala processes the stimulus & interprets the images or sounds)
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Hypothalamus (receives distress signal)
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Fight or Flight (triggers response using the sympathetic autonomic nervous system)
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Adrenal Glands Activated (send out adrenaline into the blood which stimulates effector organs)
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Heart and breathing rate increase, blood pressure increases, airways become wider, faster blood flow to muscles, etc.
Define cellular respiration
A chemical reaction that releases energy stored in glucose
Define a receptor
A specialised protein, cell or sensory organ which detects a stimulus
Define an effector
An organ that receives instructions from the control centre and carries them out
Define a sensory nerve
A bundle of sensory neurons
Define a motor nerve
A bundle of motor neurons
Define a dendrite
Branches from the nerve cell body which receive messages from other neurons
Define an axon
A long fibre that projects from a nerve cell body and conducts signals away
Define a hormone
A chemical substance released into the blood that controls and regulates the activity of other cells or organs
Define a reflex arc
The nerve pathway operating in a reflex action
Define glucagon
hormone that increases blood glucose levels
Define glycogen
storage form of glucose
