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Science > Body Coordination 9 > Flashcards

Body Coordination 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do cells require for life?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

What waste do cells produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste (turns into urea)

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3
Q

Which systems supply cells with gases?

A

Respiratory and Circulatory

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4
Q

Which system supplies cells with nutrients?

A

Digestive

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5
Q

What system gets rid of cells waste

A

excretory system

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6
Q

Describe the stimulus response model

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Control → Effector → Response

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7
Q

What are the steps of negative feedback?

A
  1. A change in the body is detected
  2. A message is sent to a gland or organ
  3. A response is initiated and the body returns to its normal state
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8
Q

What is the stimulus response model for carbon dioxide level in blood?

A

Stimulus (CO2 levels increase)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
↓
Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
↓
Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (CO2 is back to normal)

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9
Q

What is the stimulus response model for oxygen level in blood?

A

Stimulus (O2 levels decrease)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
↓
Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
↓
Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (O2 is back to normal)

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10
Q

What is the stimulus response for glucose rising in the blood?

A

Stimulus (glucose levels rise)
↓
Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose rising)
↓
Control (insulin is released by pancreas into blood)
↓
Effector (insulin instructs the muscle to absorb glucose and convert it into glycogen)
↓
Response (blood glucose level falls)

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11
Q

What is the stimulus response for glucose falling in the blood?

A

Stimulus (glucose levels fall)
↓
Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose falling)
↓
Control (glucagon is released into blood)
↓
Effector (glucagon instructs the liver and muscle to convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into the blood)
↓
Response (blood glucose level rises)

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12
Q

What is the stimulus response for water levels?

A

Stimulus (low water levels)
↓
Receptor (hypothalamus detects low water levels)
↓
Control (Pituitary gland released ADH into blood)
↓
Effector (ADH instructs kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood)
↓
Response (Water level in the blood increases which means less urine when peeing and a darker colour of pee)

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13
Q

What is the main purpose of the nervous system?

A

To help all the parts of the body to communicate with each other

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14
Q

What are the organs in the nervous system?

A

Sensory organs, sensory nerves, motor nerves, interneurons, spinal cord, brain

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15
Q

What do sensory organs do?

A

They react to stimuli (e.g. sounds, light, heat)

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16
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

carry signals from outer body to CNS (receptor)

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17
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Carry signals from CNS to outer body (effector)

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18
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Transmit signals between sensory and motor nerves to coordinate a response

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19
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Controls reflex actions and carries signals from your brain to your body and vice versa

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20
Q

What does the brain do?

A

Controls everything that isn’t a reflex action

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS)

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22
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

It processes information and tells the body how to respond

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23
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

It carries messages to and from the CNS to other parts of the body

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24
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

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25
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

It controls the activities of the body that happen without thinking (e.g. digesting, pupil changing size, heart beating)

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26
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

It collects information from surroundings through receptors in sensory organs and coordinates movement of the body

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27
Q

What are the parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System

28
Q

What does the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

Speeds everything up, diverts blood flow to lungs and muscles, increases heart rate and blood flow to the heart, dilates pupils, gets body in fight or flight

29
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

Slows everything down, involved in digestion, in control while resting

30
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neuron?

A

Dendrites on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, cell body in the middle of axon sticking out, and axon terminal on the other end

31
Q

What is the structure of a motor neuron?

A

Dendrites sticking out of cell body on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, and axon terminal with dendrites on the other end

32
Q

What is the structure of an interneuron?

A

Dendrites and cell body on one end, short axon in the middle, pre-synaptic terminal on the other end

33
Q

What part of the brain is in colour?

A

Cerebrum

34
Q

What part of the brain is in colour?

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

What part of the brain is in colour?

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

What part of the brain is in colour?

A

Brain stem

37
Q

What part of the brain is in colour?

A

Pituitary Gland

38
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Controls voluntary movements and is responsible for:

  • Sensation of stimuli
  • Behaviour and emotions
  • Memory, judgement and intelligence
39
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates movement of voluntary muscles and maintains balance

40
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Responsible for breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls blood pressure and body temperature. Regulates:

  • levels of thirst and hunger
  • emotions such as anger and pleasure
  • sleep patterns
42
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces and releases several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions (e.g. growth hormone, insulin)

43
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

A

Regulates all biological processes including brain development and growth

44
Q

What are the organs in the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries

45
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Controls the chemical reactions in the cells of the body

46
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Receives information about light from the environment to produce and secrete melatonin

47
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Gets the body ready for action by speeding up the heart and breathing rate

48
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Controls the amount of sugar in the blood

49
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Control the male sex characteristics

50
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Control the female sex characteristics

51
Q

What are examples of hormones?

A

Adrenaline, insulin, oestrogen, testosterone

52
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

Receptor

⇣

Sensory Nerve

⇣

Relay Nerve

⇣

Motor Nerve

⇣

Effector

53
Q

What affects reaction times?

A

age, sex, fitness, alcohol, distraction, fatigue

54
Q

Describe the stress response

A

Stimulus (eyes and ears detect danger)
↓
Control (Amygdala processes the stimulus & interprets the images or sounds)
↓
Hypothalamus (receives distress signal)
↓
Fight or Flight (triggers response using the sympathetic autonomic nervous system)
↓
Adrenal Glands Activated (send out adrenaline into the blood which stimulates effector organs)
↓
Heart and breathing rate increase, blood pressure increases, airways become wider, faster blood flow to muscles, etc.

55
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy stored in glucose

56
Q

Define a receptor

A

A specialised protein, cell or sensory organ which detects a stimulus

57
Q

Define an effector

A

An organ that receives instructions from the control centre and carries them out

58
Q

Define a sensory nerve

A

A bundle of sensory neurons

59
Q

Define a motor nerve

A

A bundle of motor neurons

60
Q

Define a dendrite

A

Branches from the nerve cell body which receive messages from other neurons

61
Q

Define an axon

A

A long fibre that projects from a nerve cell body and conducts signals away

62
Q

Define a hormone

A

A chemical substance released into the blood that controls and regulates the activity of other cells or organs

63
Q

Define a reflex arc

A

The nerve pathway operating in a reflex action

64
Q

Define glucagon

A

hormone that increases blood glucose levels

65
Q

Define glycogen

A

storage form of glucose

Science (13 decks)

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