Body Coordination 9

Question 1

What do cells require for life?

Answer 1

Glucose and oxygen

Question 2

What waste do cells produce?

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste (turns into urea)

Question 3

Which systems supply cells with gases?

Answer 3

Respiratory and Circulatory

Question 4

Which system supplies cells with nutrients?

Answer 4

Digestive

Question 5

What system gets rid of cells waste

Answer 5

excretory system

Question 6

Describe the stimulus response model

Answer 6

Stimulus → Receptor → Control → Effector → Response

Question 7

What are the steps of negative feedback?

Answer 7

1. A change in the body is detected
2. A message is sent to a gland or organ
3. A response is initiated and the body returns to its normal state

Question 8

What is the stimulus response model for carbon dioxide level in blood?

Answer 8

Stimulus (CO2 levels increase)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
↓
Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
↓
Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (CO2 is back to normal)

Question 9

What is the stimulus response model for oxygen level in blood?

Answer 9

Stimulus (O2 levels decrease)
↓
Receptor (chemoreceptors in carotid artery and medulla oblongata detect change)
↓
Control (medulla oblongata send electrical impulses to the lungs)
↓
Effector (lungs respirate faster and heart rate increases)
↓
Response (O2 is back to normal)

Question 10

What is the stimulus response for glucose rising in the blood?

Answer 10

Stimulus (glucose levels rise)
↓
Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose rising)
↓
Control (insulin is released by pancreas into blood)
↓
Effector (insulin instructs the muscle to absorb glucose and convert it into glycogen)
↓
Response (blood glucose level falls)

Question 11

What is the stimulus response for glucose falling in the blood?

Answer 11

Stimulus (glucose levels fall)
↓
Receptor (detectors in pancreas detect glucose falling)
↓
Control (glucagon is released into blood)
↓
Effector (glucagon instructs the liver and muscle to convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into the blood)
↓
Response (blood glucose level rises)

Question 12

What is the stimulus response for water levels?

Answer 12

Stimulus (low water levels)
↓
Receptor (hypothalamus detects low water levels)
↓
Control (Pituitary gland released ADH into blood)
↓
Effector (ADH instructs kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood)
↓
Response (Water level in the blood increases which means less urine when peeing and a darker colour of pee)

Question 13

What is the main purpose of the nervous system?

Answer 13

To help all the parts of the body to communicate with each other

Question 14

What are the organs in the nervous system?

Answer 14

Sensory organs, sensory nerves, motor nerves, interneurons, spinal cord, brain

Question 15

What do sensory organs do?

Answer 15

They react to stimuli (e.g. sounds, light, heat)

Question 16

What do sensory nerves do?

Answer 16

carry signals from outer body to CNS (receptor)

Question 17

What do motor nerves do?

Answer 17

Carry signals from CNS to outer body (effector)

Question 18

What do interneurons do?

Answer 18

Transmit signals between sensory and motor nerves to coordinate a response

Question 19

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 19

Controls reflex actions and carries signals from your brain to your body and vice versa

Question 20

What does the brain do?

Answer 20

Controls everything that isn’t a reflex action

Question 21

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

Answer 21

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 22

What does the CNS do?

Answer 22

It processes information and tells the body how to respond

Question 23

What does the PNS do?

Answer 23

It carries messages to and from the CNS to other parts of the body

Question 24

What are the parts of the PNS?

Answer 24

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

Question 25

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

Answer 25

It controls the activities of the body that happen without thinking (e.g. digesting, pupil changing size, heart beating)

Question 26

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

Answer 26

It collects information from surroundings through receptors in sensory organs and coordinates movement of the body

Question 27

What are the parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 27

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System

Question 28

What does the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?

Answer 28

Speeds everything up, diverts blood flow to lungs and muscles, increases heart rate and blood flow to the heart, dilates pupils, gets body in fight or flight

Question 29

What does the Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System do?

Answer 29

Slows everything down, involved in digestion, in control while resting

Question 30

What is the structure of a sensory neuron?

Answer 30

Dendrites on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, cell body in the middle of axon sticking out, and axon terminal on the other end

Question 31

What is the structure of a motor neuron?

Answer 31

Dendrites sticking out of cell body on one end, long axon in the middle with a myelin sheath, and axon terminal with dendrites on the other end

Question 32

What is the structure of an interneuron?

Answer 32

Dendrites and cell body on one end, short axon in the middle, pre-synaptic terminal on the other end

Question 33

What part of the brain is in colour?

Answer 33

Cerebrum

Question 34

What part of the brain is in colour?

Answer 34

Cerebellum

Question 35

What part of the brain is in colour?

Answer 35

Hypothalamus

Question 36

What part of the brain is in colour?

Answer 36

Brain stem

Question 37

What part of the brain is in colour?

Answer 37

Pituitary Gland

Question 38

What does the cerebrum do?

Answer 38

Controls voluntary movements and is responsible for: * Sensation of stimuli * Behaviour and emotions * Memory, judgement and intelligence

Question 39

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 39

Coordinates movement of voluntary muscles and maintains balance

Question 40

What does the brainstem do?

Answer 40

Responsible for breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep

Question 41

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 41

Controls blood pressure and body temperature. Regulates: * levels of thirst and hunger * emotions such as anger and pleasure * sleep patterns

Question 42

What does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 42

Produces and releases several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions (e.g. growth hormone, insulin)

Question 43

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

Answer 43

Regulates all biological processes including brain development and growth

Question 44

What are the organs in the endocrine system?

Answer 44

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries

Question 45

What does the thyroid gland do?

Answer 45

Controls the chemical reactions in the cells of the body

Question 46

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 46

Receives information about light from the environment to produce and secrete melatonin

Question 47

What does the adrenal gland do?

Answer 47

Gets the body ready for action by speeding up the heart and breathing rate

Question 48

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 48

Controls the amount of sugar in the blood

Question 49

What do the testes do?

Answer 49

Control the male sex characteristics

Question 50

What do the ovaries do?

Answer 50

Control the female sex characteristics

Question 51

What are examples of hormones?

Answer 51

Adrenaline, insulin, oestrogen, testosterone

Question 52

Describe the reflex arc

Answer 52

Receptor ⇣ Sensory Nerve ⇣ Relay Nerve ⇣ Motor Nerve ⇣ Effector

Question 53

What affects reaction times?

Answer 53

age, sex, fitness, alcohol, distraction, fatigue

Question 54

Describe the stress response

Answer 54

Stimulus (eyes and ears detect danger) ↓ Control (Amygdala processes the stimulus & interprets the images or sounds) ↓ Hypothalamus (receives distress signal) ↓ Fight or Flight (triggers response using the sympathetic autonomic nervous system) ↓ Adrenal Glands Activated (send out adrenaline into the blood which stimulates effector organs) ↓ Heart and breathing rate increase, blood pressure increases, airways become wider, faster blood flow to muscles, etc.

Question 55

Define cellular respiration

Answer 55

A chemical reaction that releases energy stored in glucose

Question 56

Define a receptor

Answer 56

A specialised protein, cell or sensory organ which detects a stimulus

Question 57

Define an effector

Answer 57

An organ that receives instructions from the control centre and carries them out

Question 58

Define a sensory nerve

Answer 58

A bundle of sensory neurons

Question 59

Define a motor nerve

Answer 59

A bundle of motor neurons

Question 60

Define a dendrite

Answer 60

Branches from the nerve cell body which receive messages from other neurons

Question 61

Define an axon

Answer 61

A long fibre that projects from a nerve cell body and conducts signals away

Question 62

Define a hormone

Answer 62

A chemical substance released into the blood that controls and regulates the activity of other cells or organs

Question 63

Define a reflex arc

Answer 63

The nerve pathway operating in a reflex action

Question 64

Define glucagon

Answer 64

hormone that increases blood glucose levels

Question 65

Define glycogen

Answer 65

storage form of glucose