Chemistry 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What are isotopes?
A
Atoms that contain the same amount of protons but varying amounts of neutrons
2
Q
Vertical columns are…
A
Groups
3
Q
Horisontal rows are…
A
periods
4
Q
What are molecules?
A
Groups of two or more atoms
5
Q
What did Mendeleev do?
A
He created a table that left gaps in places where there were supposed to be undiscovered elements. Using this, he predicted the properties of the elements.
6
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
Bonding between a cation and anion
7
Q
What is a cation?
A
A positively charged atom
8
Q
What is an anion?
A
A negatively charged atom
9
Q
What is valency?
A
The number of electrons in the outermost shell
10
Q
What are ions?
A
Atoms that have either lost/gained electrons
11
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
A bond when two non-metals share electrons
12
Q
What are the prefixes used for naming covalent compounds?
A
- mono (can drop this if there is one of the first element)
- di
- tri
- tetra
- penta
- hexa
- hepta
- octa
- nona
- deca
13
Q
What is group 1 called?
A
Alkali metals
14
Q
What is group 2 called?
A
Alkaline Earth Metals
15
Q
What is group 7 called?
A
halogens
16
Q
What is group 8 called?
A
Noble gases
17
Q
All elements in a group have the same number of…
A
Valence electrons
18
Q
Which group is the most reactive metals?
A
Group 1
19
Q
Which group is the most reactive non-metals?
A
Group 7
20
Q
Elements in groups have similar…
A
chemical properties
21
Q
What is an allotrope?
A
The different physical forms in which an element can exist (e.g. carbon makes graphite and diamond)
22
Q
What is the atomic radius?
A
The length between the nucleus and the outermost electron
23
Q
What are the electronegative elements?
A
F
O
N
Cl
24
Q
What is electronegativity?
A
A measure for an element’s tendency to attract electrons
25
What are the diatomic gases?
H
F
O
N
Cl
26
What are the steps for placing electrons in a Bohr Diagram?
1. 2e on 1st shell
2. 8e on 2nd shell
4. Place 8e on 3rd shell
5. Place 2e on 4th shell then go back to 3rd shell (can hold 18e)
6. any left place on 4th shell (can hold 32e)
27
What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?
H₂SO₄
28
What is the chemical formula for acetic acid?
CH₃COOH
29
What is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid?
HCl
30
What is the chemical formula for nitric acid?
HNO₃
31
What is silver's charge?
1+
32
What is zinc's charge?
2+
33
Which 8 elements need roman numerals in brackets to specify their charge?
* Chromium
* Manganese
* Iron
* Cobalt
* Copper
* Mercury
* Tin
* Lead
34
What does 'l' mean in word equations?
liquid (water)
35
What does 'aq' mean in word equations?
aqueous (something dissolved in water)
36
What is the equation for combination/synthesis?
A + B → AB
37
What is the equation for decomposition?
AB → A + B
38
What is the equation for single-replacement?
C + AB → CB + A
39
What is the equation for double-replacement/precipitation?
AB + CD → AD + CB
40
What is the chemical equation for combustion?
CₓHₓ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
41
What is the equation for neutralisation?
Acid + Base → Salt + H₂O
42
Metal + acid →
salt + hydrogen (H₂) gas
43
Acid + metal oxide →
Salt + H₂O
44
Acid + metal hydroxide →
Salt + H₂O
45
Acid + metal carbonate →
Salt + H₂O + CO₂
46
What is the equation of metal oxide + water?
metal oxide + H₂O → Metal hydroxide
47
What is the chemical equation for ionic dissolving?
ion + water → part one of ion + part two of ion
48
What is the word equation for corrosion?
Metal + oxygen (g) → metal oxide
49
What is the chemical equation for thermal decomposition?
metal carbonate + heat → metal oxide + carbon dioxide
50
What is the word equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen (g) → water (v) + carbon dioxige (g) + energy
51
What is the word equation for respiration?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
52
How can you tell something is an acid?
It has a Hydrogen (H) atom
53
How can you tell something is a base?
It has a hydroxide (OH) atom
54
How do you name the salt in neutralisation?
metal and then the last part of the non-metal
55
What state is the acid always in?
aqueous
56
What is the trend in atomic radius going down a group?
It increases as you are adding more shells
57
What is the trend in atomic radius going across a period?
It decreases as a proton is added to the nucleus, increasing the charge and pulling the electrons in
58
What is the trend for electronegativity as you move down a group?
It decreases because as you are adding shells the electrons are further away
59
What is the trend for electronegativity as you move across a period?
It increases as you are adding more electrons in the same shell
60
Going down group 1, the elements become...
more reactive
61
Going down group 7, the elements become...
less reactive
62
Metals generally have ____ melting points
high
63
Non-metals generally have ____ melting points
low
64
How do you calculate the core charge of an atom?
Number of protons - number of innermost electrons
65
The higher the core charge of an atom, the ____ the atomic radius
smaller
66
The lower the core charge of an atom, the ____ the atomic radius
larger
67
What is the trend in melting point over the first 18 elements?
It goes up and down like a wave
68
What suffix is used for covalent compounds?
-ide
69
What suffix is used for ionic compounds with 2 elements?
-ide
70
What suffix is used for multiple Oxygen atoms combined with other elements?
-ate (when there is one less Oxygen atom, it becomes -ite)
71
Who created triads?
Dobereiner
72
Who created octaves?
Newlands
73
What is a compound?
A pure substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
74
What is combustion?
* Any chemical in which a substance burns in oxygen to produce light and heat
* exothermic
75
What is a hydrocarbon?
a substance made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
76
What happens when you burn a hydrocarbon?
water vapour, carbon dioxide gas and heat energy are released
77
Why do hydrocarbons make good fuels?
They burn in oxygen to produce large amounts of energy
78
What is corrosion?
When a metal combines with oxygen gas in the air to form a metal oxide (no noticeable heat or light is given off)
79
How are combustion and corrosion similar?
* both involve the combination of oxygen
* both form metal oxides
* both are exothermic
80
What is the difference between combustion and corrosion?
corrosion occurs much more slowly than combustion
81
What is respiration?
chemical reaction within living cells that breaks down glucose using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
82
What is thermal decomposition?
A decomposition reaction that recquires heat to break down the compound, metal carbonates undergo thermal decomposition
83
What is ionic compound dissolving?
When ionic compounds dissolve, the cations & anions break away from the crystal lattice and spread evenly throughout the solvent
84
What are ionic compounds made of?
a crystal lattice of positive and negative ions
85
What are acids?
* substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolve in water
* highly corrosive
* pH less than 7
86
What are bases?
* any substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
* highly caustic
* pH greater than 7
87
What does agitation mean?
stirring
88
What does catalyst mean?
a chemical that helps to speed up a chemical reaction but is not used up during the process
89
What does concentration mean?
the amount of a chemical in a certain volume of water
90
what is an enzyme?
a natural occuring biological catalyst
91
What is the rate of reaction?
How fast a chemical reaction proceeds
92
What are factors tht affect reaction rate?
* temperature - higher temperature leads to more collisions
* concentration of the reactants - more collisions
* surface area
* agitation
* catalyst
93
What is the rate of reaction and collision theory?
* for a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles must collide, but collisions with too little energy don't produce a reaction
* particles must have enough energy for the collision to produce a reaction
94
What is a single covalent bond?
a bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms
95
What are alkanes?
a class of hydrocarbons that only contain single covalent bonds
96
What are the prefixes used for naming hydrocarbons?
1. meth
2. eth
3. prop
4. but
5. pent
6. hex
7. hept
8. oct
9. non
10. dec
97
What are the prefixes used for naming hydrocarbons based on?
the number of carbon atoms
98
What are alkenes?
a class of hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds
99
What are alkynes?
a class of hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds
100
How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane?
times the number of carbon atoms by 2 and then plus 2
101
How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene?
times the number of carbon atoms by 2
102
How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkyne?
times the number of carbon atoms by 2 adn then minus 2
103
What is a saturated compound?
* only contains single bonds
* each carbon is bound to 4 atoms
104
What are unsaturated compounds?
* contains mutliple bonds
* carbon atoms are all involved in a multiple bond and can react with additional atoms
105
What is this compound called?
Butane
106
What is this compound called?
2 - methyl hexane
107
What is this compound called?
2, 2 - dimethyl butane
108
What is an isomer?
The same **compound** with the same formula, but a different arrangement of atoms and different properties
