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Chemistry 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms that contain the same amount of protons but varying amounts of neutrons

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2
Q

Vertical columns are…

A

Groups

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3
Q

Horisontal rows are…

A

periods

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4
Q

What are molecules?

A

Groups of two or more atoms

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5
Q

What did Mendeleev do?

A

He created a table that left gaps in places where there were supposed to be undiscovered elements. Using this, he predicted the properties of the elements.

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6
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Bonding between a cation and anion

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7
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positively charged atom

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8
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged atom

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9
Q

What is valency?

A

The number of electrons in the outermost shell

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10
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms that have either lost/gained electrons

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond when two non-metals share electrons

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12
Q

What are the prefixes used for naming covalent compounds?

A
  1. mono (can drop this if there is one of the first element)
  2. di
  3. tri
  4. tetra
  5. penta
  6. hexa
  7. hepta
  8. octa
  9. nona
  10. deca
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13
Q

What is group 1 called?

A

Alkali metals

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14
Q

What is group 2 called?

A

Alkaline Earth Metals

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15
Q

What is group 7 called?

A

halogens

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16
Q

What is group 8 called?

A

Noble gases

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17
Q

All elements in a group have the same number of…

A

Valence electrons

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18
Q

Which group is the most reactive metals?

A

Group 1

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19
Q

Which group is the most reactive non-metals?

A

Group 7

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20
Q

Elements in groups have similar…

A

chemical properties

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21
Q

What is an allotrope?

A

The different physical forms in which an element can exist (e.g. carbon makes graphite and diamond)

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22
Q

What is the atomic radius?

A

The length between the nucleus and the outermost electron

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23
Q

What are the electronegative elements?

A

F
O
N
Cl

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24
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

A measure for an element’s tendency to attract electrons

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25
Q

What are the diatomic gases?

A

H
F
O
N
Cl

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26
Q

What are the steps for placing electrons in a Bohr Diagram?

A
  1. 2e on 1st shell
  2. 8e on 2nd shell
  3. Place 8e on 3rd shell
  4. Place 2e on 4th shell then go back to 3rd shell (can hold 18e)
  5. any left place on 4th shell (can hold 32e)
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27
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H₂SO₄

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28
Q

What is the chemical formula for acetic acid?

A

CH₃COOH

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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30
Q

What is the chemical formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO₃

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31
Q

What is silver’s charge?

A

1+

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32
Q

What is zinc’s charge?

A

2+

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33
Q

Which 8 elements need roman numerals in brackets to specify their charge?

A
  • Chromium
  • Manganese
  • Iron
  • Cobalt
  • Copper
  • Mercury
  • Tin
  • Lead
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34
Q

What does ‘l’ mean in word equations?

A

liquid (water)

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35
Q

What does ‘aq’ mean in word equations?

A

aqueous (something dissolved in water)

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36
Q

What is the equation for combination/synthesis?

A

A + B → AB

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37
Q

What is the equation for decomposition?

A

AB → A + B

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38
Q

What is the equation for single-replacement?

A

C + AB → CB + A

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39
Q

What is the equation for double-replacement/precipitation?

A

AB + CD → AD + CB

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40
Q

What is the chemical equation for combustion?

A

CₓHₓ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

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41
Q

What is the equation for neutralisation?

A

Acid + Base → Salt + H₂O

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42
Q

Metal + acid →

A

salt + hydrogen (H₂) gas

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43
Q

Acid + metal oxide →

A

Salt + H₂O

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44
Q

Acid + metal hydroxide →

A

Salt + H₂O

45
Q

Acid + metal carbonate →

A

Salt + H₂O + CO₂

46
Q

What is the equation of metal oxide + water?

A

metal oxide + H₂O → Metal hydroxide

47
Q

What is the chemical equation for ionic dissolving?

A

ion + water → part one of ion + part two of ion

48
Q

What is the word equation for corrosion?

A

Metal + oxygen (g) → metal oxide

49
Q

What is the chemical equation for thermal decomposition?

A

metal carbonate + heat → metal oxide + carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is the word equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen (g) → water (v) + carbon dioxige (g) + energy

51
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

52
Q

How can you tell something is an acid?

A

It has a Hydrogen (H) atom

53
Q

How can you tell something is a base?

A

It has a hydroxide (OH) atom

54
Q

How do you name the salt in neutralisation?

A

metal and then the last part of the non-metal

55
Q

What state is the acid always in?

56
Q

What is the trend in atomic radius going down a group?

A

It increases as you are adding more shells

57
Q

What is the trend in atomic radius going across a period?

A

It decreases as a proton is added to the nucleus, increasing the charge and pulling the electrons in

58
Q

What is the trend for electronegativity as you move down a group?

A

It decreases because as you are adding shells the electrons are further away

59
Q

What is the trend for electronegativity as you move across a period?

A

It increases as you are adding more electrons in the same shell

60
Q

Going down group 1, the elements become…

A

more reactive

61
Q

Going down group 7, the elements become…

A

less reactive

62
Q

Metals generally have ____ melting points

63
Q

Non-metals generally have ____ melting points

64
Q

How do you calculate the core charge of an atom?

A

Number of protons - number of innermost electrons

65
Q

The higher the core charge of an atom, the ____ the atomic radius

66
Q

The lower the core charge of an atom, the ____ the atomic radius

67
Q

What is the trend in melting point over the first 18 elements?

A

It goes up and down like a wave

68
Q

What suffix is used for covalent compounds?

69
Q

What suffix is used for ionic compounds with 2 elements?

70
Q

What suffix is used for multiple Oxygen atoms combined with other elements?

A

-ate (when there is one less Oxygen atom, it becomes -ite)

71
Q

Who created triads?

A

Dobereiner

72
Q

Who created octaves?

73
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

74
Q

What is combustion?

A
  • Any chemical in which a substance burns in oxygen to produce light and heat
  • exothermic
75
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

a substance made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

76
Q

What happens when you burn a hydrocarbon?

A

water vapour, carbon dioxide gas and heat energy are released

77
Q

Why do hydrocarbons make good fuels?

A

They burn in oxygen to produce large amounts of energy

78
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When a metal combines with oxygen gas in the air to form a metal oxide (no noticeable heat or light is given off)

79
Q

How are combustion and corrosion similar?

A
  • both involve the combination of oxygen
  • both form metal oxides
  • both are exothermic
80
Q

What is the difference between combustion and corrosion?

A

corrosion occurs much more slowly than combustion

81
Q

What is respiration?

A

chemical reaction within living cells that breaks down glucose using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

82
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

A decomposition reaction that recquires heat to break down the compound, metal carbonates undergo thermal decomposition

83
Q

What is ionic compound dissolving?

A

When ionic compounds dissolve, the cations & anions break away from the crystal lattice and spread evenly throughout the solvent

84
Q

What are ionic compounds made of?

A

a crystal lattice of positive and negative ions

85
Q

What are acids?

A
  • substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolve in water
  • highly corrosive
  • pH less than 7
86
Q

What are bases?

A
  • any substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
  • highly caustic
  • pH greater than 7
87
Q

What does agitation mean?

88
Q

What does catalyst mean?

A

a chemical that helps to speed up a chemical reaction but is not used up during the process

89
Q

What does concentration mean?

A

the amount of a chemical in a certain volume of water

90
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a natural occuring biological catalyst

91
Q

What is the rate of reaction?

A

How fast a chemical reaction proceeds

92
Q

What are factors tht affect reaction rate?

A
  • temperature - higher temperature leads to more collisions
  • concentration of the reactants - more collisions
  • surface area
  • agitation
  • catalyst
93
Q

What is the rate of reaction and collision theory?

A
  • for a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles must collide, but collisions with too little energy don’t produce a reaction
  • particles must have enough energy for the collision to produce a reaction
94
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

a bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms

95
Q

What are alkanes?

A

a class of hydrocarbons that only contain single covalent bonds

96
Q

What are the prefixes used for naming hydrocarbons?

A
  1. meth
  2. eth
  3. prop
  4. but
  5. pent
  6. hex
  7. hept
  8. oct
  9. non
  10. dec
97
Q

What are the prefixes used for naming hydrocarbons based on?

A

the number of carbon atoms

98
Q

What are alkenes?

A

a class of hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

99
Q

What are alkynes?

A

a class of hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds

100
Q

How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane?

A

times the number of carbon atoms by 2 and then plus 2

101
Q

How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene?

A

times the number of carbon atoms by 2

102
Q

How do you determine the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkyne?

A

times the number of carbon atoms by 2 adn then minus 2

103
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A
  • only contains single bonds
  • each carbon is bound to 4 atoms
104
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A
  • contains mutliple bonds
  • carbon atoms are all involved in a multiple bond and can react with additional atoms
105
Q

What is this compound called?

106
Q

What is this compound called?

A

2 - methyl hexane

107
Q

What is this compound called?

A

2, 2 - dimethyl butane

108
Q

What is an isomer?

A

The same compound with the same formula, but a different arrangement of atoms and different properties

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