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150 Dental Auxilliary Practices > Medical Emergencies/Office Hazards > Flashcards

Medical Emergencies/Office Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

AIDS/HIV

A

Found in: blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, breast milk

Transmitted by: IV drug use, unprotected sex, childbirth/breastfeeding

High risk patients: IV drug users, male-male sex contact

Prevention in dental office: standard precautions, education of employees

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2
Q

Herpetic whitlow

A

Causes: direct contact with infected skin

Affects: fingers

Symptoms: swelling/pain/blisters/sores

Treatment: antivirals can shorten outbreak. Clears in several weeks

Prevention: avoid exposure, wear gloves, wash hands thoroughly. Standard precautions

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3
Q

Oral herpes (HSV-1)

A

Causes- contact with active lesion

Symptoms: sores/lesions, pain, burning, stinging, swelling before lesion appears

Prevention: avoid contact w/ infected person or another active lesion

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4
Q

Herpes gladiatorum (HSV-1)

A

Passes between people during sports like boxing and wrestling

Symptoms- usually occur around 8 days after exposure

Fever, blisters, swollen glands

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5
Q

Cerebral herpes

A

Rare brain infection by direct neuronal transmission of HSV-1

Headache, fever, seizures, drowsiness
Speech abnormalities, memory loss, behavior change

Treatment: hospitalization, antivirals, steroids

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6
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Carriers cannot practice dentistry

Transmission: close contact with infected person (sex/needles). Eating/drinking contaminated food/water. Not common in US

Prevention: vaccination
Treatment: no treatment, can resolve without permanent liver damage. 6-9 mos

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7
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Transmitted by semen, blood, exchanged bodily fluids. Childbirth

Prevention: vaccination. 2-3 shots over several months

Treatment: meds won’t clear infection but can stop replication to minimize liver damage

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8
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Transmitted by blood/body fluids. Easily through sexual contact, IV drug use, childbirth

Prevention: no vaccine. Condoms, clean needles, avoid contact with knownninfected person

Standard precautions

Most common in US

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9
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Transmitted through decal/oral routes from contaminated water

Common in areas with poor sanitation

No vaccine
Symptoms clear in 4-6 weeks

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis

A 
Fatigue
Jaundice
Nausea/vomiting
Abdominal pain
Fever
Loss of appetite
Joint pain
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11
Q

Mercury contamination

A

Most exposure comes from seafood, dental amalgam (silver fillings)

Released during placement, replacement and removal of amalgam

Lasts 6mos-1 year after exposure STOPS

Inhaled/absorbed in lungs- happens from brushing, cleaning, clenching, chewing

Prevention: standard precautions, proper PPE, instrument handling, sharp safety, spill management

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12
Q

Health risks of Mercury contamination

A 
Tremors
Insomnia
Emotional changes
Neuromuscular changes
Headaches
Changes in nerve response
Reproductive hazards to women

High levels of exposure can cause kidney damage, respiratory failure

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13
Q

Soft tissue trauma

A

Includes lacerations to the lips, tongue, frenum, cheeks, hard/soft palate

Rarely need sutures

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14
Q

Treatment for soft tissue injuries

A

Sutures if indicated with injury to oropharynx. Hemorrhage control, cleansing, antibiotics

Maintain soft diet
Rinse after meals

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15
Q

Alveolitis

A

Dry socket- blood clot dislodges from tooth socket

Complication from post surgical care after extractions. Most common in mandibular molars

Signs/symptoms: bad breath, low fever, foul mouth taste, empty socket, intense pain, radiating pain

Treatment: irrigated with warm saline solution, place gauze

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16
Q

5 S’s of Alveolitis

A 
No swishing
No spitting
No smoking
No straws
No solid food
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17
Q

Broken needles

A

Anesthesia needles can break if defective, technique is poor or if patient jumps

Treatment: needle tip removed. Post op xrays to ensure all foreign objects removed. If not visible send to ER

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18
Q

Risks from leaving broken needle in mouth

A 
Pain
Infection
Muscle/nerve damage
Limited mouth opening
Can migrate in body
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19
Q

Broken endodontic instruments

A

Files can break in root canal

Causes- defective instruments, provider technique, tooth anatomy

Treatment- if too far in, pack and seal the root canal. Attempt to bypass, if unable, pack and seal (obturate). If broken near the crown, try to remove so canal can be sterilized

Patients may need to see endodontist

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20
Q

Aspiration of foreign objects

A

Crowns, burs, dental dam clamps

Cause: slippery, wet oral environment. Small objects maneuvered around airway, patient in supine

Treatment: make sure airway is clear. If not begin CPR. If unable to remove object refer to ER

Place in reverse trendellenberg and instruct patient to cough

If swallowed, may pass naturally

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21
Q

Risks of aspiration of foreign objects

A 
Damage to digestive tract
Infection
Abscess 
Pneumonia
Foreign body granulocytes
Septicemia
Peritonitis 
Fistulas
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22
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Used to help with anxiety and pain during procedures- MILD

adverse reactions: headache, shivers, excessive sweating, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting

Administer O2

Do not use on pregnant women and people with COPD

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23
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting- sudden drop in pulse or BP

Situational syncope: hunger, fear, pain, dehydration, anxiety, intense emotional distress

Symptoms: blacking out, feeling lightheaded, falling, dizziness, drowsy

Treatments: meds, wearing compression garments, diet changes, caution when standing, pacemaker

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24
Q

Surgical intervention for an obstructed airway

A

Cricothyrotomy

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25
Types of asthmas
Intermittent Persistent-mild Persistent-moderate Persistent-severe Causes by allergies or viral infections at a young age when immune system is still developing
26
Intrinsic factors of asthma
Stress/anxiety Viruses Respiratory infection
27
Extrinsic factors of asthma/allergies
``` Cigarette smoke Weather changes Cold/dry air Dust mites Mold Pests Pets ```
28
What happens during an allergic reaction
Airway inflammation Airway thickening Mast cells degranulate Antibodies are made Allergen enters the body, immune system reacts, airways narrow
29
Signs and symptoms of asthma
Wheezing Breathless Chest tightness Night/morning coughing
30
Signs/symptoms of allergic reaction
``` Sneezing Itchy/runny/blocked nose Raised, itchy, red rash Swollen lips/eyes/tongue/face Stomach pain Vomiting Diarrhea ```
31
Treatments for asthma
Inhalers, controlled substances, epinephrine
32
Treatment for allergic reactions
Antihistamine Epinephrine Hydrocortisone
33
Status asthmaticus
Acute, severe asthmas unresponsive to repeated courses of beta agonist therapy such as albuterol, levalbuterol and epinephrine
34
What does epinephrine do?
Constricts blood vessels which causes increases blood pressure, decreases swelling Relaxes muscles around airways Prevents the release of more allergic chemicals, stops response
35
IgE
Stimulates release of histamines Capillary dilation w/ resulting swelling Increase gastric secretions Constriction of certain smooth muscle in respiratory tract Prevention of reaction
36
Types of allergic reactions
Contact dermatitis Urticaria Respiratory Anaphylactic
37
What will we see with a latex allergy?
Hives, itching, runny or stuffy nose Can cause asthmas symptoms Can occur within minutes
38
Who are high risk groups for latex allergies?
Rubber factory workers People with spina bifida Health care workers People with family history People who have undergone several surgical treatments
39
How to prevent latex allergies
Avoid contact with latex Avoid areas where you may inhale the powder from latex gloves Wear medical alert bracelet Inform medical care team
40
Hyperventilation
Caused by anxiety. Increased breathing Physiology: difficulty breathing due to lack of CO2 in blood Signs/symptoms: dizziness, shortness of breath,weakness/confusion, muscle spasms in hands and feet, numbness/tingling in extremities and around mouth Treatment: breathe through pursed lips or one nostril. Cover face with hands and breathe
41
Epilepsy
Triggers: stress, drugs/alcohol, flashing lights, noise, exercise, neglecting meds, physical trauma, low blood sugar
42
Onset of epilepsy
Generalized onset- whole brain, tonic-clonic seizure, absence seizure Focal onset- one part of brain- partial seizure Unknown onset
43
Tonic-clonic seizure
Slower onset. Body constricts and relaxes Lasts 3-5 min
44
Absence seizure
Sudden onset. Lose complete awareness Conscious, stiff, blank stare. Lasts 5-30 seconds
45
Focal onset seizure
Patient is aware/confused Affects only certain body parts since it is only in one part of the brain Can lead to a tonic-clonic seizure
46
Grand map seizure
Involves loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions Causes: epilepsy, low BS, high fever or stroke
47
Petit mal seizure
Brief, sudden lapses in attention More common in children
48
Classifications of CVA/stroke
Ischemic or hemorrhagic
49
Signs and symptoms of CVA/stroke
``` Numbness/weakness in face, arm or leg on one side of the body Confusion Trouble speaking Trouble seeing Trouble waking Dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Severe headache Temporary paralysis Fainting Coma ```
50
Transient Ischemic Attack
Causes: blood supply to the brain is blocked by a clot or there is reduced blood flow to the brain
51
Cerebral embolism
Occurs when a blood clot forms somewhere in the body and travels to the brain via the blood stream. Can get lodged in an artery and block flow of blood to the brain
52
Cerebral thrombosis
When a blood clot forms in the brains venous sinuses Keeps blood from draining from the brain. Pressure builds and can lead to swelling and bleeding in the brain
53
Cerebral infarction
Ischemic stroke Blood flow to brain is distrusted keeping vital nutrients and oxygen from reaching the brain. Brain tissue may die
54
Cerebral hemorrhage
Result of bleeding in the brain Can be caused by trauma or defective blood vessels that can no longer withstand blood pressure Age, disease, trauma
55
Treatments/prevention for CVA’s
Blood thinners Cardiac monitoring Surgery Therapies
56
Diabetes
Metabolic disease that affects the pancreas and overall cells in the body Pancreas makes too much insulin, not enough or none at all
57
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells
58
What is glucose
Fuel for our cells Main type of sugar found in the blood Insulin controls glucose levels. If the pancreas cannot produce insulin, the body cannot accept glucose
59
Type 1 diabetes
Insulin dependent Juvenile diabetes Insulin pump usually used to regulate insulin levels
60
Type 2 diabetes
Adult onset Impairment in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as fuel. Causes by long term high levels of sugar in the blood stream
61
Symptoms of diabetes
Increases thirst, frequent urination, excessive hunger, weight gain/loss, fatigue, blurred vision Adult onset occurs around age 45
62
Hyperglycemia
Can turn to diabetic coma due to thirst, dehydration- overproduction of insulin Symptoms: fruity smelling breath, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, dry mouth, weakness, confusion, coma, abdominal pain
63
Diabetic coma
Causes by untreated hyperglycemia, can be fatal Treatment: IV fluids, potassium/sodium/phosphate supplements, insulin
64
Hypoglycemia
Insulin shock due to lack of glucose- can cause brain damage Symptoms: confusion, heart palpitations, shakiness, anxiety Glucose tablets, food/drink high in sugar Prevention: monitor blood sugar, don’t skip meals, medication management
65
Unconscious patient
``` Stop procedure Stay calm Call 911 Get emergency kit/oxygen Check airway, breathing, pulse- begin CPR if necessary If breathing, place in recovery position ```
66
Medical problems associated with unconscious patient
Macro vascular Micro vascular Neuropathy
67
Oral manifestations of macro/micro vascular conditions and neuropathy
Periodontal disease Slow healing Prone to secondary infections
68
Pericardium
Membrane enclosing the heart in double layer serous membrane
69
Coronary circulation
Supplies blood to and provides drainage from tissues of the heart
70
Heart chambers
Left/right atrium Left/right ventricle
71
Valves of the heart
Tricuspid: located btw right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary valve: btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery Mitral valve: btw left atrium and left ventricle Aortic valve: btw left ventricle and aorta
72
Systemic circulation
Provides functional blood supply to all body tissues
73
Cardiac conduction system
Network of nodes, cells and signals that controls the heartbeat
74
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty plaques on artery wall Ruptured or dislodged plaques can lead to clotting Narrowing the blood flow on artery
75
Angina pectoris
Chest pain caused by coronary artery disease Reduced blood flow to the coronary arteries Reduced O2 in cardiac cells Sudden pain, tightness and squeezing in chest
76
4 types of angina
Stable- happens with stress or physical activity Unstable- happens at rest Micro vascular- no blockage, inadequate oxygen in coronary arteries Variant- rare, spasm of coronary arteries, may occur at night
77
Treatment for angina
Beta blockers Angioplasty Aspirin Cardiac rehabilitation
78
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack Blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries. Heart becomes oxygen starved Signs/symptoms: chest pain, headache, difficulty breathing, nausea, indigestion, upper back pain, sweating, vomiting, stomach pain Treatment: defibrillation, O2 therapy, beta blockers, aspirin, anticoagulants, coronary artery bypass surgery

150 Dental Auxilliary Practices (16 decks)

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