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150 Dental Auxilliary Practices > Medical Emergencies/Office Hazards > Flashcards

Medical Emergencies/Office Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

AIDS/HIV

A

Found in: blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, breast milk

Transmitted by: IV drug use, unprotected sex, childbirth/breastfeeding

High risk patients: IV drug users, male-male sex contact

Prevention in dental office: standard precautions, education of employees

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2
Q

Herpetic whitlow

A

Causes: direct contact with infected skin

Affects: fingers

Symptoms: swelling/pain/blisters/sores

Treatment: antivirals can shorten outbreak. Clears in several weeks

Prevention: avoid exposure, wear gloves, wash hands thoroughly. Standard precautions

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3
Q

Oral herpes (HSV-1)

A

Causes- contact with active lesion

Symptoms: sores/lesions, pain, burning, stinging, swelling before lesion appears

Prevention: avoid contact w/ infected person or another active lesion

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4
Q

Herpes gladiatorum (HSV-1)

A

Passes between people during sports like boxing and wrestling

Symptoms- usually occur around 8 days after exposure

Fever, blisters, swollen glands

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5
Q

Cerebral herpes

A

Rare brain infection by direct neuronal transmission of HSV-1

Headache, fever, seizures, drowsiness
Speech abnormalities, memory loss, behavior change

Treatment: hospitalization, antivirals, steroids

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6
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Carriers cannot practice dentistry

Transmission: close contact with infected person (sex/needles). Eating/drinking contaminated food/water. Not common in US

Prevention: vaccination
Treatment: no treatment, can resolve without permanent liver damage. 6-9 mos

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7
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Transmitted by semen, blood, exchanged bodily fluids. Childbirth

Prevention: vaccination. 2-3 shots over several months

Treatment: meds won’t clear infection but can stop replication to minimize liver damage

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8
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Transmitted by blood/body fluids. Easily through sexual contact, IV drug use, childbirth

Prevention: no vaccine. Condoms, clean needles, avoid contact with knownninfected person

Standard precautions

Most common in US

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9
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Transmitted through decal/oral routes from contaminated water

Common in areas with poor sanitation

No vaccine
Symptoms clear in 4-6 weeks

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis

A 
Fatigue
Jaundice
Nausea/vomiting
Abdominal pain
Fever
Loss of appetite
Joint pain
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11
Q

Mercury contamination

A

Most exposure comes from seafood, dental amalgam (silver fillings)

Released during placement, replacement and removal of amalgam

Lasts 6mos-1 year after exposure STOPS

Inhaled/absorbed in lungs- happens from brushing, cleaning, clenching, chewing

Prevention: standard precautions, proper PPE, instrument handling, sharp safety, spill management

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12
Q

Health risks of Mercury contamination

A 
Tremors
Insomnia
Emotional changes
Neuromuscular changes
Headaches
Changes in nerve response
Reproductive hazards to women

High levels of exposure can cause kidney damage, respiratory failure

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13
Q

Soft tissue trauma

A

Includes lacerations to the lips, tongue, frenum, cheeks, hard/soft palate

Rarely need sutures

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14
Q

Treatment for soft tissue injuries

A

Sutures if indicated with injury to oropharynx. Hemorrhage control, cleansing, antibiotics

Maintain soft diet
Rinse after meals

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15
Q

Alveolitis

A

Dry socket- blood clot dislodges from tooth socket

Complication from post surgical care after extractions. Most common in mandibular molars

Signs/symptoms: bad breath, low fever, foul mouth taste, empty socket, intense pain, radiating pain

Treatment: irrigated with warm saline solution, place gauze

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16
Q

5 S’s of Alveolitis

A 
No swishing
No spitting
No smoking
No straws
No solid food
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17
Q

Broken needles

A

Anesthesia needles can break if defective, technique is poor or if patient jumps

Treatment: needle tip removed. Post op xrays to ensure all foreign objects removed. If not visible send to ER

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18
Q

Risks from leaving broken needle in mouth

A 
Pain
Infection
Muscle/nerve damage
Limited mouth opening
Can migrate in body
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19
Q

Broken endodontic instruments

A

Files can break in root canal

Causes- defective instruments, provider technique, tooth anatomy

Treatment- if too far in, pack and seal the root canal. Attempt to bypass, if unable, pack and seal (obturate). If broken near the crown, try to remove so canal can be sterilized

Patients may need to see endodontist

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20
Q

Aspiration of foreign objects

A

Crowns, burs, dental dam clamps

Cause: slippery, wet oral environment. Small objects maneuvered around airway, patient in supine

Treatment: make sure airway is clear. If not begin CPR. If unable to remove object refer to ER

Place in reverse trendellenberg and instruct patient to cough

If swallowed, may pass naturally

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21
Q

Risks of aspiration of foreign objects

A 
Damage to digestive tract
Infection
Abscess 
Pneumonia
Foreign body granulocytes
Septicemia
Peritonitis 
Fistulas
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22
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Used to help with anxiety and pain during procedures- MILD

adverse reactions: headache, shivers, excessive sweating, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting

Administer O2

Do not use on pregnant women and people with COPD

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23
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting- sudden drop in pulse or BP

Situational syncope: hunger, fear, pain, dehydration, anxiety, intense emotional distress

Symptoms: blacking out, feeling lightheaded, falling, dizziness, drowsy

Treatments: meds, wearing compression garments, diet changes, caution when standing, pacemaker

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24
Q

Surgical intervention for an obstructed airway

A

Cricothyrotomy

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25
Q

Types of asthmas

A

Intermittent
Persistent-mild
Persistent-moderate
Persistent-severe

Causes by allergies or viral infections at a young age when immune system is still developing

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26
Q

Intrinsic factors of asthma

A

Stress/anxiety
Viruses
Respiratory infection

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27
Q

Extrinsic factors of asthma/allergies

A 
Cigarette smoke
Weather changes
Cold/dry air
Dust mites
Mold
Pests
Pets
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28
Q

What happens during an allergic reaction

A

Airway inflammation
Airway thickening
Mast cells degranulate
Antibodies are made

Allergen enters the body, immune system reacts, airways narrow

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29
Q

Signs and symptoms of asthma

A

Wheezing
Breathless
Chest tightness
Night/morning coughing

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30
Q

Signs/symptoms of allergic reaction

A 
Sneezing
Itchy/runny/blocked nose
Raised, itchy, red rash
Swollen lips/eyes/tongue/face
Stomach pain
Vomiting
Diarrhea
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31
Q

Treatments for asthma

A

Inhalers, controlled substances, epinephrine

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32
Q

Treatment for allergic reactions

A

Antihistamine
Epinephrine
Hydrocortisone

33
Q

Status asthmaticus

A

Acute, severe asthmas unresponsive to repeated courses of beta agonist therapy such as albuterol, levalbuterol and epinephrine

34
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

Constricts blood vessels which causes increases blood pressure, decreases swelling

Relaxes muscles around airways

Prevents the release of more allergic chemicals, stops response

35
Q

IgE

A

Stimulates release of histamines

Capillary dilation w/ resulting swelling
Increase gastric secretions
Constriction of certain smooth muscle in respiratory tract

Prevention of reaction

36
Q

Types of allergic reactions

A

Contact dermatitis
Urticaria
Respiratory
Anaphylactic

37
Q

What will we see with a latex allergy?

A

Hives, itching, runny or stuffy nose

Can cause asthmas symptoms

Can occur within minutes

38
Q

Who are high risk groups for latex allergies?

A

Rubber factory workers

People with spina bifida

Health care workers

People with family history

People who have undergone several surgical treatments

39
Q

How to prevent latex allergies

A

Avoid contact with latex

Avoid areas where you may inhale the powder from latex gloves

Wear medical alert bracelet

Inform medical care team

40
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Caused by anxiety. Increased breathing

Physiology: difficulty breathing due to lack of CO2 in blood

Signs/symptoms: dizziness, shortness of breath,weakness/confusion, muscle spasms in hands and feet, numbness/tingling in extremities and around mouth

Treatment: breathe through pursed lips or one nostril. Cover face with hands and breathe

41
Q

Epilepsy

A

Triggers: stress, drugs/alcohol, flashing lights, noise, exercise, neglecting meds, physical trauma, low blood sugar

42
Q

Onset of epilepsy

A

Generalized onset- whole brain, tonic-clonic seizure, absence seizure

Focal onset- one part of brain- partial seizure

Unknown onset

43
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

Slower onset. Body constricts and relaxes

Lasts 3-5 min

44
Q

Absence seizure

A

Sudden onset. Lose complete awareness

Conscious, stiff, blank stare. Lasts 5-30 seconds

45
Q

Focal onset seizure

A

Patient is aware/confused

Affects only certain body parts since it is only in one part of the brain

Can lead to a tonic-clonic seizure

46
Q

Grand map seizure

A

Involves loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions

Causes: epilepsy, low BS, high fever or stroke

47
Q

Petit mal seizure

A

Brief, sudden lapses in attention

More common in children

48
Q

Classifications of CVA/stroke

A

Ischemic or hemorrhagic

49
Q

Signs and symptoms of CVA/stroke

A 
Numbness/weakness in face, arm or leg on one side of the body
Confusion
Trouble speaking
Trouble seeing
Trouble waking
Dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
Severe headache
Temporary paralysis 
Fainting
Coma
50
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Causes: blood supply to the brain is blocked by a clot or there is reduced blood flow to the brain

51
Q

Cerebral embolism

A

Occurs when a blood clot forms somewhere in the body and travels to the brain via the blood stream.

Can get lodged in an artery and block flow of blood to the brain

52
Q

Cerebral thrombosis

A

When a blood clot forms in the brains venous sinuses

Keeps blood from draining from the brain. Pressure builds and can lead to swelling and bleeding in the brain

53
Q

Cerebral infarction

A

Ischemic stroke

Blood flow to brain is distrusted keeping vital nutrients and oxygen from reaching the brain. Brain tissue may die

54
Q

Cerebral hemorrhage

A

Result of bleeding in the brain

Can be caused by trauma or defective blood vessels that can no longer withstand blood pressure

Age, disease, trauma

55
Q

Treatments/prevention for CVA’s

A

Blood thinners
Cardiac monitoring
Surgery
Therapies

56
Q

Diabetes

A

Metabolic disease that affects the pancreas and overall cells in the body

Pancreas makes too much insulin, not enough or none at all

57
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by the pancreas

Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells

58
Q

What is glucose

A

Fuel for our cells

Main type of sugar found in the blood

Insulin controls glucose levels. If the pancreas cannot produce insulin, the body cannot accept glucose

59
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin dependent

Juvenile diabetes

Insulin pump usually used to regulate insulin levels

60
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Adult onset

Impairment in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as fuel. Causes by long term high levels of sugar in the blood stream

61
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Increases thirst, frequent urination, excessive hunger, weight gain/loss, fatigue, blurred vision

Adult onset occurs around age 45

62
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Can turn to diabetic coma due to thirst, dehydration- overproduction of insulin

Symptoms: fruity smelling breath, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, dry mouth, weakness, confusion, coma, abdominal pain

63
Q

Diabetic coma

A

Causes by untreated hyperglycemia, can be fatal

Treatment: IV fluids, potassium/sodium/phosphate supplements, insulin

64
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Insulin shock due to lack of glucose- can cause brain damage

Symptoms: confusion, heart palpitations, shakiness, anxiety

Glucose tablets, food/drink high in sugar

Prevention: monitor blood sugar, don’t skip meals, medication management

65
Q

Unconscious patient

A 
Stop procedure
Stay calm
Call 911
Get emergency kit/oxygen
Check airway, breathing, pulse- begin CPR if necessary 
If breathing, place in recovery position
66
Q

Medical problems associated with unconscious patient

A

Macro vascular
Micro vascular
Neuropathy

67
Q

Oral manifestations of macro/micro vascular conditions and neuropathy

A

Periodontal disease
Slow healing
Prone to secondary infections

68
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane enclosing the heart in double layer serous membrane

69
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Supplies blood to and provides drainage from tissues of the heart

70
Q

Heart chambers

A

Left/right atrium

Left/right ventricle

71
Q

Valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid: located btw right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonary valve: btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Mitral valve: btw left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic valve: btw left ventricle and aorta

72
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Provides functional blood supply to all body tissues

73
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Network of nodes, cells and signals that controls the heartbeat

74
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty plaques on artery wall

Ruptured or dislodged plaques can lead to clotting

Narrowing the blood flow on artery

75
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by coronary artery disease
Reduced blood flow to the coronary arteries
Reduced O2 in cardiac cells
Sudden pain, tightness and squeezing in chest

76
Q

4 types of angina

A

Stable- happens with stress or physical activity

Unstable- happens at rest

Micro vascular- no blockage, inadequate oxygen in coronary arteries

Variant- rare, spasm of coronary arteries, may occur at night

77
Q

Treatment for angina

A

Beta blockers
Angioplasty
Aspirin
Cardiac rehabilitation

78
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

Blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries. Heart becomes oxygen starved

Signs/symptoms: chest pain, headache, difficulty breathing, nausea, indigestion, upper back pain, sweating, vomiting, stomach pain

Treatment: defibrillation, O2 therapy, beta blockers, aspirin, anticoagulants, coronary artery bypass surgery

150 Dental Auxilliary Practices (16 decks)

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