Medical Considerations Flashcards
A complete or partial decrease in the secretion of insulin from the pancreas results in _________________.
Diabetes mellitus
If diabetes is not properly managed or if too little insulin is produced, the diabetic can develop __________.
Acidosis
An acute bout of acidosis is also referred to as_______________________.
Diabetic coma
A distinct sign of ketoacidosis is ____________________________.
Fruity-smelling breath
Early detection of __________________________ is essential to prevent life-threatening events.
Ketoacidosis
Insulin shock occurs when __________________________________.
The body has produced too much insulin and too little blood sugar
Insulin shock is also referred to as _________________________________.
Hypoglycemia
After a cerebral injury, an athlete must be free of all signs and symptoms for ________________ before returning to competition
24 hours
Acceleration/deceleration forces and rotational forces cause shaking of the _____________________.
Brain within the skull
Shearing forces acting on the brain can disrupt axonal connects that run __________________________________.
Between the cortex and the midbrain
The three major types of intracranial hematoma are _________________________________________________.
Intracerebral, Epidural, Subdural
Second-Impact Syndrome is potentially fatal because
Rapid intracranial swelling and herniation of the brain occurs
Intracranial bleeding requires
Hospitalization with a CT scan or MRI
Sudden cardiac death is caused by
Heart defects, Marfan’s Syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Determining existing cardiac pathology is often obtained by:
resting/exercise electrocardiograms or echocardiograms
A murmur that exists is the absence of any organic disease is known as a ____________________.
Functional murmur
Contusions to the kidneys and/or bladder cause __________________________.
Hematuria
Athletic heart syndrome is essentially___________________________.
Asymptomatic
Signs of athletic heart syndrome include:
Bradycardia, systolic murmur, extra heart sounds
Athletic heart syndrome is determined through
ECG abnormalities
Sickle-Cell Disease before age 40 in the immediate family history may indicate:
congenital heart defects
Sickle-cell trait is an inherent risk factor of___________________________.
Rhabdomyolysis
A confounding symptom of sickle-cell anemia is _________________________.
Leg pain
What is the treatment for exertional hyponatremia
Do not try to rehydrate, transport to medical facility, sodium levels must be increased and fluid levels decreased
What is exertional hyponatremia
Fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in low concentration of sodium in the blood
What must the injured patient take responsibility for during healing
The progress of injury and doing the necessary rehabilitation
At what mg/dL does the blood glucose become excessively high and goes into the urinalysis?
> 250mg/dL
When glucose level is below 70 mg per dL what condition does it represent?
Hypoglycemia
Which of these ranges is the normal before meal blood sugar value according to American Diabetes Association (ADA)? 50 to 120mg/dL, 70 to 180mg/dL, 90 to 130mg/dL, 105 to 155mg/dL, 40 to 180mg/dL
90 to 130mg/dL
Which type of measles is also known as German measles?
Rubella
How is rubeola spread?
Mouth to mouth (direct/indirect) and airborne droplets
Which hepatitis types are considered sexual transmitted diseases?
A and B
What complication may arise in the first trimester of a pregnant women exposed to rubella?
Miscarriage or birth defects
How do you administer an EpiPen?
1) remove EpiPen from case 2) form fist around EpiPen, black tip pointing downward 3) using your other hand, pull off the gray safety release 4) swing (at 90 degree angle) and jab firmly into outer thigh for appx. 10 seconds 5) remove EpiPen from thigh and massage injection area for 10 seconds 6) carefully place the used EpiPen (without bending the needle), needle end first into the storage tube.
Etiology of Sickle cell trait?
Genetic and 8-10% African American carry sickle cell trait
What is sickle cell anemia? Who does it affect and what is the percentage?
Inherited blood disorder associated with crescent shaped red blood cell and reduced levels of hemoglobin. If you inherit 1 sickle cell gene you have the sickle cell trait. If you inherit 2 sickle cell genes, you have the sickle cell disease. 1% of African American develops sickle cell anemia.
Paroxysmal contractions are characterized by what disorder?
Epilepsy
What are Non-epileptic seizures?
Non-epilepsy seizures are not caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. They may be associated with psychological conditions or other physical problems. Non-epileptic are common. Some are caused by conditions such as hypoglycemia or a temporary change to the way the heart is working, etc.
What Is Epilepsy?
Epilepsy is characterized by unpredictable seizures. Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects people of all ages. A person is diagnosed with epilepsy if they have had at least two seizures that were not caused by some known and reversible medical condition like alcohol withdrawal or extremely low blood sugar. The seizures in epilepsy may be related to a brain injury or a family tendency, but often the cause is completely unknown.
Can people with non-epileptic seizures also have epilepsy?
Yes, some people experience more than one type of seizure activity. For example, around 15 in every 100 people with non-epileptic seizures (NES) also have epilepsy. Epileptic and non-epileptic seizures can look the same and have the same features but difference between the two is their cause.
What noticeable symptom does a person have when experiencing extreme hyperglycemia or DKA?
Ketones are responsible for the fruity odor on the breath of the person.
What is ketoacidosis (DKA)?
When the body is unable to move glucose from the blood to the cell to be used as an energy source, the body breaks down fats for fuel producing ketones in the blood. High levels of ketones causes the blood to become acidoitic.
Snacks for diabetic athletes should range from__1_ to __2_g of carbohydrates?
30 to 40grams of carbohydrate
If an baseline was been taken,___1___ can be used to allow the athlete to return to competition after an asthma attack.
1) peak flow meter
Peak flow meter measurement has three levels- green, yellow and red. What does each corresponding color represent?
Green- PEF> 80%: -person clear to work out without limitations
Yellow- 50%< 80%: -person should take medication to raise PEF; work outs might need to be altered, person should be monitored closely.
Red- PEF<50%- the person should be transported for emergency medical care
How would you assist an athlete in using a metered dose inhaler?
1) Remove cap. 2) shake inhaler 3) completely exhale through mouth 4) position inhaler in mouth so that it is upright and the lips create a good seal 5) press down on inhaler while slowly breathing in, deep inhalation 6) hold breath for about 10 seconds before exhaling 7) remove inhaler from mouth 8) repeat dose as directed by physician but wait about 1 minute before next dose
What medication should an asthmatic athlete have with them during practice in case of an asthma attack?
Albuterol
What is the etiology of rhabdomyolysis?
medications, supplements, trauma, toxins and other disease states or genetic condition
What are the characteristics of rhabdomyolysis?
Characteristics- hyperkalemia, dark urine, cramping, cardiac arrhythmias, acute renal failure and clotting cascade failure.
What can increase the risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis?
Sickle cell anemia
Non-epileptic seizures (NES) can be divided into two types. What are those two divisions?
Organic non-epileptic is caused by a physiological condition such as diabetes and may be relatively easy to diagnose.
Psychogenic: is caused by psychological factors such as subconscious thoughts, stress, and emotions. These type of seizures include dissociative seizures, panic attacks, factitious seizures.
When a person with sickle cell trait is exercising, there is the potential for the sickle cells to create a “log jam” in blood vessels and stop the blood flow. This can cause rapid muscle breakdown and potentially overwhelm the kidneys. What is this called?
Exertional sickling
With a patient with seizures when should a physician referral be given
A first seizure or a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes
What happens to a patient with cystic fibrosis
Thick secretions of the exocrine gland block the airway, which tends to become infected
What is the most common type or Cerebral Palsy
Spastic, demonstrating hypertonicity (constant spasm)
Hyperglycemia happens when the blood glucose is over what number
300mg/dl
Hypoglycemia happens when the blood glucose is under what number
70mg/dl
What is the cardinal sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
Fruity odor on the breath
What is the absence of menses called
Amenorrhea
What are the two phases of menstruation called
Follicular and luteal
What is hypertension defined as
Resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 on three consecutive occasions
What are signs of hypertension
Most are asymptomatic hower, headaches and epistaxis can happen
What is the primary risk of anemia
Malnutrition and chronic disease
What happens to the red blood cells with Sickle Cell Amenia
The RBCs become sickle shaped and inhibit binding of oxygen
What is rhabdomyolysis
The sudden catabolic destruction of the skeletal muscle
Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through _________ or __________
Close personal contact (oral-oral), contaminated food (oral-fecal)
What are the signs and symptoms of exertional sickling
Fever, severe fatigue, pallor skin, muscle weakness, and severe pain in the limbs and abdomen
When can an athlete return to play after suffering from exertional sickling?
After all symptoms have gone away
Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolosis?
Muscle weakness, swelling, darkened urine and renal dysfunction
How does an athlete get rhabdomyolosis?
During intense exercise in extremely hot and humid environments
If internal hemorrhage is suspected ______ ________ should be closely monitored
Blood pressure
Signs and symptoms for ketoacidosis?
Fruity breath, feeling thirsty and urinating a lot, flushed, hot, dry skin
_______ is high blood pressure and ________ is low blood pressure
More than 140/90, less than 90/70
Hyperglycemia has a blood glucose level of above __________. Hypoglycemia has a blood glucose level of below
300 mg/dl, 70 mg/dl
_______ and ______ can cause exertional sickling
Increased muscle heat, low blood oxygen levels, high altitudes
What are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
Progressively worsening headache, nausea and vomiting, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy, low blood sodium
Referred pain in the left shoulder due to spleen trauma is known as ______
Kehr’s Sign
Referred pain in the right arm can lead to a possible systemic pathology of __________, __________, and __________.
Liver injury, gallbladder disorder, lung cancer
What are the signs and symptoms of someone with psychosis?
Loss of contact with reality, having delusions and hallucinations, degeneration in personality
What does AVPU stand for when dealing with levels of consciousness?
Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive
A blunt blow to the anterior aspect of the eye can produce a ___________
Hyphema
Psychogenic shock is a temporary ____ of _______ ________
Dilation, blood vessels
Chronic _________ disorders cause clubbing of the fingertips and nails
Cardiovascular
Agonal breathing is a common sign of the early stages of ________ ________
Cardiac Arrest
What does OPQRST stand for when assessing cardiac distress?
Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time
Psychogenic shock is a temporary ____ of _______ ________
Dilation, blood vessels
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume x heart rate
_____ and _______ are the 2 most common sites for direct pressure to help slow hemorrhage.
Brachial artery and femoral artery
If one or both pupils are dilated, the patient may have sustain a ______ injury
Head
______, ________, and ______ are some effects of anabolic steroid use in teens
Acne, voice deepening, premature closure of long bones
If an athlete has ________ or ________ major seizures, they should not participate in collision sports
Daily, weekly
What are some symptoms of low oxygen saturation levels?
Cyanosis, shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness, mental confusion, headache
Signs of abnormal heart beat
Uneven pattern of beats
Some beats strong and some are weaker
Ticks erratically
_________ 5 stages of maturity is used as an assessment of secondary sexual characteristics
Tanner’s
What is a somatotype?
Physical body types: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph
What are examples of osteokinematics?
Abduction, Adduction, Flexion, Extension, Internal and External Rotation
What is pathomechanics?
Mechanical forces that are applied to the body
How does pathomechanics influence movement/function?
Can lead to faulty alignment, structural deviations, can cause overuse injuries
Breathing in which the rate speeds up and then slows down over a one- to three-minute period is called what?
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
A series of normal breaths followed by a complete cessation of breathing is termed what?
Biot’s breathing
T/F. Thoracic breathing occurs without the use of the diaphragm.
True
T/F. Boyle’s law states that the relation between the volume and the pressure of a gas is constant’ as volume increases, pressure decreases, and vice versa.
True
______ is a harsh, raspy sound that is audible upon inspiration, often even without a stethoscope.
Stridor
T/F. If no other injuries are present, an athlete can return to play after a pneumothorax within days of discharge from the hospital.
True
T/F. Cystic fibrosis is the most commonly inherited disorder among Caucasian Americans.
True
A congenital condition of the exocrine glands that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and other systems is termed: ______ ______.
Cystic Fibrosis
T/F. Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition that produces abnormally shaped WBCs.
False, RBC
Sudden death in people with sickle cell trait is usually caused by ______.
Emboli
T/F. Risk for sickle cell crisis is greater during exercise in cold and high altitude environments.
false, hot and high altitude
Sickle cell trait is also a risk factor for ______.
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis
Signs and symptoms of anemia include: _____.
pallor, swollen tongue, spooning (thin, concave) nails, scaly lips with fissures at the edges, fatigue, and impaired attention
Warning signs for sickle cell crisis include: ______.
severe muscle cramping on the legs, buttocks, and low back, tachycardia, hypotension, hyperventilation, and loss of consciousness
Effective management of sickle cell crisis requires ______ ______, and ______.
early recognition, immediate referral
T/F. Most studies indicate that exercise neither causes nor exacerbate true anemia.
True
T/F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a classification for diseases involving partially blocked airways.
True
The signs and symptoms of dyspnea include: ______.
increased breathing effort, a barrerl-chested/hyperinflated, appearance, and signs of infection and cor pulmonale
Chronic bronchitis is caused by what?
prolonged or repeated exposure to irritants that inflame the bronchial mucous membranes
T/F. An acute asthma attack can produce a pneumothorax, acute right heart failure, hypoxemia, and metabolic collapse
True
A suspected pneumothorax is treated by: ______.
splinting the thorax by hugging a pillow, calming the patient to control coughing or gasping for air, monitoring vital signs, sealing any open wounds with an occlusive dressing, and immediate emergency transport
A ______ is an instrument used to measure lung volumes during ventilation.
spirometer
Adventitious sounds, which are heard in addition to the normal breathing sounds include: ______
rales, rhonchi, stridor, and pulmonary friction rub
Normal breathing in adults is ______ to ______ breaths per minute.
10-15
Cyanosis occurs when oxygen saturation in arterial blood decreases below ______%.
85%
The position in which the arms are rigidly flexed and the legs are fixed in extension is termed: ______.
decorticate posturing
The position in which the arms and legs are both rigidly extended is termed: ______.
decerebrate posturing
A direct blow to the head or body contact that causes the head to snap forward, backward or rotate side to side is called a ______ or another name for this injury would be blank__________.
Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
- A patient with too much insulin and too little blood sugar will start to experience what?
Insulin shock
- True or False, In Hemophiliacs, physical exertion can cause bleeding into muscle and joints, which can be extremely painful or eventually may cause the joints to be immobile.
True
- A rapid heartbeat over 100 bpm is called what?
Tachycardia
- _______ is a serious condition because it is a decrease or insufficient supply of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues.
Hypoxia
- Antibiotics are used to treat____ infections.
Bacterial
- ____bluish tint in the fingernails, lips, face, and mucus membranes that occurs when oxygen saturation drops below 85%.
Cyanosis
- When administering an EpiPen, jab firmly into the outer thigh until what happens?
The pen clicks and hold for 10 seconds
- A peak flow meter or _______, is used to measure lung volumes during ventilation.
Spirometer
- ________ is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly and released into the bloodstream causing harm to the kidneys.
Rhabdomyolysis
- _____ (cold sore/fever blister) is caused by HSV-1 and can present as a single or cluster of vesicles on the lips.
Herpes Labialis
Skin fold sites
most common are thigh, suprailiac, triceps, abdomen, and chest
menarche
The onset of menstuation
Sequela
pathological condition which occurs as a consequence of another condition or event
Exertional hyponatremia
excessive loss of essential electrolytes during exercise
Cystic fibrosis
condition that affects the mucus, sweat, and digestive juices which damages the lungs and digestive system
Skin cancer check
ABDCE: asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevated
An ischemic brain injury that occurs during birth is known as what?
Cerebral Palsy
A genetic abnormality that affects exocrine glands, primarily in the respiratory system and digestive tract, which result in blocking the airway, and infections, is known as _____.
Cystic Fibrosis
What are some differences between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
Hypo - gradual onset, thirst but not hunger, fruity breath. Hyper - sudden onset, hunger but not thirst, blurred vision, dizzy
If an athlete has a blood glucose reading of <100 before practice, what should you advise them to do?
Eat a snack high in carbs
What are the dangers of an ectopic pregnancy?
Severe internal bleeding, vaginal bleeding, syncope, shock
What produces similar symptoms as appendicitis in females?
Ovarian cysts
Hypertension is when the blood pressure is above ____.
140/90
What is the sudden catabolic destruction of skeletal muscle?
Rhabdomyolysis
What happens to the red blood cells when someone has Sickle Cell Anemia?
They are deformed and clot easily
What kind of weather can be a major risk factor for a person with Sickle Cell?
Hot and humid
What is the body lacking during exertional hyponutremia?
Sodium
When using a peak flow meter, what percentage of an athlete’s personal best requires the emergency room?
50%
What does myalgia mean?
Muscle pain
Who makes the final decision if a disabled athlete can participate in sports?
The athlete
What is the difference in pulse of an athlete suffering from heat exhaustion vs. heat stroke?
Exhaustion is rapid and weak. Stroke is rapid and strong.
What are you listening for in the heart when doing a PPE?
Murmurs, abnormal sounds, irregular heart beat
What artery/arteries are being occluded in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
Subclavian or axillary
What levels are considered to by hyper and hypoglycemic when checking blood sugar?
Hypo/ 200mg/dl
What are the stage of disease prevention?
primary, secondary, tertiary
What is considered prehypertension?
120-139/80-89
What should be included in a medical history?
chief complaint, description and course of present illness, personal medical history, family medical history, review of systems
What is the point on the abdomen where it is indicative of Appendicitis?
McBurney’s Point
Kehr’s signs is indicative of what?
Spleen injury
What are signs of hyperglycemia?
- blood glucose >200 mg/dl, gradual onset, abdominal pain, thirst but not hunger, fruity odor, dehydration, lethargy, confusion, LOC
What are the percentages of the peak flow meter that rate someone as green, yellow, red?
- green/ >80%
- yellow/50<50%
What Does ABCDE stand for when looking at skin abnormalities?
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Elevation
What should be included in a medical history?
chief complaint, description and course of present illness, personal medical history, family medical history, review of systems
What is Rhabdomyolysis?
Break down of muscle tissue that is released into the blood stream
What are some signs and symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis?
Dark red or brown urine, reduced or no urine output, muscle tenderness, muscle stiffness, and fatigue
What causes Rhabdomyolysis
Drugs such as amphetamines, injuries, high body temperatures,and long periods of immobilization
What is the treatment of rhabdomyolysis
Fluids through an IV to maintain urine output
T/F can you go back to normal activities after having rhabdomyolysis
True
What happens to the Kidney’s of those who have rhabdomyolysis
There can be tubular damage or acute renal failure
What is the time frame of healing for rhabdomyolysis
A few week to months depending on the amount of kidney damage
What causes sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that makes hemoglobin
What is the difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait
Sickle cell disease causes pain to a patient because of blocked blood flow
Sickle cell trait can have some to no symptoms
What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease
Pain, fatigue, dizziness,headaches, and cold feet/hands
What causes sickle cell trait
The inheritance of one gene of sickle cell hemoglobin and one normal one from the parents.
What can help sickle cell disease minimize symptoms during play?
Rests between sprints and/or coming out of play when they feel dizzy or have a headache
What can an athletic trainer do to help those with sickle cell during play
Make sure they have enough rest during high endurance play or practice, supplemental oxygen, and when in high altitudes have the player sit out of the game
T/F is there treatment for sickle cell trait
False there is no treatment for the individuals
T/F if an individual has sickle cell trait do they have the symptoms that individuals with sickle cell disease have
False individuals who have the sickle cell trait live normal lives they have only inherited the gene from one of their parents
T/F sickle cell trait is only seen in African Americans
False
T/F is sickle cell disease a blood disorder
True
T/F sudden death in individuals with sickle cell trait is caused by an emboli
True
T/F Those with sickle cell disease are at risk for rhabdomyolysis
True
What other conditions does sickle cell crisis mimic
Cardiac arrest and/or heat illness
What are some warning signs of sickle cell crisis
Severe muscle cramping in the legs, buttocks, and low back; Tachycardia, hypotension, hyperventilation, and loss of consciousness
T/F sickle cell crisis is greater during exercise in cold and high altitude environments
False it is greater in hot and high altitude environments
What is a normal pulse oximetry for a healthy individual
Anywhere from 94-96%
What is the normal pulse oximetry for a individual with mild respiratory disease
90% or above
What is an unsafe range of pulse oximetry
Below 90%
T/F supplemental oxygen is given to an individual that has a pulse oximetry of 88%
True
What is hypoxia
Inadequate oxygenation of blood
What is the immediate treatment of hypoxia
Deliver oxygen to the athlete whether it be with supplemental oxygen or cpr
What are some signs of hypoxia
Altered mental status, tachycardia, chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoventilation, cyanosis, Headache, nausea, vomiting, poor judgment, uncoordinated movements
What is the difference between an epileptic seizure and non-epileptic seizure
The difference is that non-epileptic seizures are not recurrent. Epileptic seizures are recurrent and is a disorder
What are the signs and symptoms of an epileptic seizure
A lose of cognitive awareness, a blank stare, lose of postural control, extreme postural ridgitity and convulsions
What are the two types of seizures?
Petit mal and gran mal
What is the treatment of an epileptic seizure?
Sedatives and tranquilizers
What causes seizures?
Seizures are a result from a sudden electrochemical discharge in the brain
T/F you should put something in the mouth of a person having a seizure to ensure they don’t swallow their tongue?
False
How long do epileptic seizures last?
A few seconds to minutes
T/F a referral is needed when a person has had their first seizure or a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes?
True
T/F people with epilepsy experience seizures before the age of 30 years old?
True
