Medical Biochemistry Flashcards
Factors that cause cancer
Genetic/ hereditary
Chemicals
Radiation
Viruses
Molecular hallmarks of cancer
Provide own growth signals Insensitive to stop signals Unlimited proliferation potential Avoidance of apoptosis Sustained angiogenesis Tissue invasion/ metastatic ability Unstable genome
What control point is regulated by RB
G1/S
Why is hypoglycemia a problem?
RBC and brain need glucose.
Therefore decreased glucose can lead to coma.
Why is hyperglycemia so kak?
Short term - osmotic diuresis = dehydration. AGE.
Long term - retinopathy, nephropathy, Macroangiopathy, diabetic foot etc..
When would ketogenesis occur?
Fasting
High fat : low carb diet
What is biochemical cause for ketogenesis?
Gluconeogenesis. Oxaloacetate -> malate -> glucose.
TCA stopped -> build up of Acetyl CoA.
Excess Acetyl CoA converted to ketones.
General features of hormones
Tissue specific Multi step, cascade amplification Intracellular 2ndry messengers Counter regulation of opposing pathways Multiple termination mechanisms
Effect of insulin on cells
Increase glucose uptake, protein synthesis, fat deposition, K uptake
Decrease lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Ethanol converted to … by …. giving off…
Acetaldehyde
ADH (sER/ meos)
NADH (H2O)
Acetaldehyde converted to ….. by …. giving off….
Acetate
ALDH
NADH
What inhibits ALDH
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Metronidazole
Sources of blood glucose
Dietary
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Acetic acid converted to … Using … And … Giving off ….
Acetyl CoA
ATP and CoA
AMP, 2Pi and H2O
Metabolic abnormalities 2ndry to alcohol consumption.
Hypertriglyceridaemia (Acetyl CoA)
Ketoacidosis (more B-hydroxybutyrate, there dipstix underestimates)
Fasting hypoglycemia (inhibits gluconeogenesis)
Hyperuricaemia (excess AMP degraded)
