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Semester 5 April > Anatomical Pathology - Female Genital Tract > Flashcards

Anatomical Pathology - Female Genital Tract Flashcards

0
Q

Major complication of ectopic preg

A

Haemorrhage

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1
Q

Ectopic pregnancy due to..

A
  1. Partial tubal obstruction (eg salpingitis)

2. Delayed pick up by fimbriae

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2
Q

Possible causes of endometriosis

A 
Retrograde spread during menstruation
Implantation (during C/S)
Metaplasia
Lymphatic spread
Heamatogenous spread
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3
Q

Macroscopic characteristics of endometriosis

A

Chocolate cysts

Fibrosis (cyclical haemorrhage)

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4
Q

Microscopic characteristics of endometriosis

A

Endometrial glands + stroma
Fibrosis
Haemosiderin laden macrophages

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5
Q

Complications of endometriosis

A

Infertility
Adhesions
Intermittent intestinal obstruction
Some endometrial cancer

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6
Q

Complications of leiomyomas

A

Menstrual disturbances
Infertility
Repeated abortions
Obstetric complications

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7
Q

Possible locations of leiomyomas

A

Intramural
Subserosal
Submucosal

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8
Q

Possible macroscopic characteristics of squamous Ca Cx

A

Ulcerating
Exophitic
Nodular

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9
Q

Risk factors for squamous Ca Cx

A 
Low SES
Early sexual debut
Multiple partners
Smoking
COC
Immunosuppression
STIs
Long time since last pap smear
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10
Q

Causes of death in Ca Cx

A 
Renal failure
Haemorrhage
Superadded infection
Blood borne metastasis 
Iatrogenic (eg PE)
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11
Q

Stage 1A Ca Cx

A

Visible microscopically

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12
Q

Stage 1B Ca Cx

A

Visible macroscopically
1< 4cm
2> 4 cm

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13
Q

Stage 2A Ca Cx

A

Upper 2/3 vagina

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14
Q

Stage 2B Ca Cx

A

Parametrial involvement

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15
Q

Stage 3A Ca Cx

A

Lower 1/3 vagina

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16
Q

Stage 3B Ca Cx

A

Pelvic sidewall/ hydronephrosis/ non functional kidney

17
Q

Stage 4A Ca Cx

A

Mucosa bladder / rectum

18
Q

Stage 4B Ca Cx

A

Distant metastasis

19
Q

Why cytology NB for Ca Cx

A

LSIL and HSIL can’t be seen macroscopically

20
Q

Three sections on cytology report

A

Adequacy of smear
Epithelial cells changes
Organisms

21
Q

What makes a Pap smear adequate

A

Endocervical cells present

Cells not obscured by blood/ exudate etc

22
Q

Colposcopy looks at …

A

Margin of lesion
Color of lesion
Arrangement of superficial blood vessels

23
Q

Rx CIN 1

A

Colposcopy

24
Q

Rx CIN 2-3

A 
LLETZ 
If margins involved:
     LLETZ
      Cone biopsy
        Hysterectomy
25
Q

Rx stage 1A1

A

Cone biopsy

26
Q

Rx stage 1A2

A

Total abdo hysterectomy

Pelvic lymphadenectomy

27
Q

Rx stage 1B

A

Radical hysterectomy
Pelvic lymphadenectomy
(Wertheim’s hysterectomy)

28
Q

Rx stage 2 and above

A

Chemoradiation

Intracavitary brachytherapy

29
Q

Type1 endometrial Ca pathogenesis

A

Unopposed oestrogen > endometrial hyperplasia > hyperplasia with atypia > carcinoma

30
Q

Prognosis for endometrial Ca type 1

A

Good with surgery

31
Q

Causes of unopposed oestrogen

A

Obesity
PCOS
HRT

32
Q

Prognosis for type 2 endometrial Ca

A

Poor (chemo needed as tendency to metastasize)

33
Q

Four types of endometrial cancer

A

Endometrial Ca
Carcinosarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Gestational Trophoblastic disease

34
Q

Two types of gestational Trophoblastic disease

A

Hyatidiform mole

Choriocarcinoma

35
Q

Features of partial mole

A

Trophoblastic proliferation with normal villi
Triploid
Little malignant potential

36
Q

Feature of complete mole

A

Molar tissue with no normal villi
Diploid (empty egg)
Malignant potential

37
Q

Features of invasive mole

A

Molar tissue extends into parametrium

May metastasize

38
Q

What is choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of cyto- and syncytio- trophoblasts without chorionic villi

39
Q

Prognosis for choriocarcinoma

A

Good with chemo

Semester 5 April (17 decks)

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