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Anatomy > Mediastinum and Heart: Content and Organization > Flashcards

Mediastinum and Heart: Content and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries

A 
Posterior: Vertebral column
Anterior sternum and cartilage 
Lateral: pleura 
inferior: diaphragm 
Superior: thoracic inlet
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2
Q

Mediastinum: Superior

A

Great vessels of the heart, thoracic duct (left), (cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal) autonomic nerve plexuses, recurrent laryngeal nerves, esophagus, thymus, azygos system, parts of trachea

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3
Q

mediastinum: Inferior, anterior

A

Anterior: lymph tissue, fat

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4
Q

Mediastinum: Inferior, posterior

A

Posterior: pulmonary arteries and veins, thoracic aorta, azygos veins, sympathetic trunk + thoracic splanchnic nerves, thoracic duct

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5
Q

Mediastinum: Inferior, middle

A

the heart and its pericardial tissues

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6
Q

Vagus and laryngeal recurrent nerves: how and where do they go

A

RIGHT vagus anterior to brachiocephalic trunk but posterior to R. brachiocephalic vein/L. brachiocephalic vein

LEFT vagus runs anterior to arch of the aorta and posteriorly to the left subclavian vein

LEFT recurrent laryngeal nerve runs posteriorly to arch of the aorta, loops under it and behind the ligamentum arteriosum to connect with the vagus nerve

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7
Q

Considering the midline of the body, where is the heart located?

A

left of the midline, posterior to sternum, middle of mediastinum

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8
Q

How is the heart positioned in the middle of the mediastinum?

A

Rotated such that right side (Right atrium and ventricle) is located more anteriorly

left side is located more posteriorly

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9
Q

posteriosuperior surface of the heart =

A

formed primarily by left atrium, called the base

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10
Q

What vessels enter the left boarder of the base of the heart?

A

pulmonary veins

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11
Q

the apex points

A

slightly anteroinferiorly toward left side of the body

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12
Q

posterior spatial relationships between vessels

  1. pulmonary veins to pulmonary arteries
  2. pulmonary arteries to aorta
  3. aorta to brachiocephalic vein
A

from anterior to posterior to inferior (front of the heart to the back of the heart to the midline of the heart)

  1. bilateral pairs of pulmonary veins are inferior to pulmonary arteries
  2. pulmonary arteries are inferior, posterior to arch of the aorta, diverge into L (one vessel) and R (two vessels) on either side
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13
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous, serous sac

held in place within the mediastinum by connective tissue that supports the great vessels external walls superior to the heart and the diaphragm

outer portion is touch, dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous pericardium

attached to both the sternum and diaphragm

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15
Q

Functions of the pericardium

A

restricts heart movement so it doesn’t bounce and move in the thoracic cavity

prevents heart from overfilling with blood

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16
Q

Inner pericardium

A

serous pericardium

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17
Q

Layers of the pericardium

A

Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium

myocardium

Endocardium

18
Q

The older we get, more fat deposits in what part of the heart?

A

the epicardium

19
Q

the thickest muscle layer in the heart is the

A

myocardium

20
Q

the muscle surface in the heart is the

A

endocardium

21
Q

the endocardium covers the

A

internal surface of the heart and valves, as well as the external surface of the valves

22
Q

between the myocardium and the endocardium is a layer called

A

the subendocardial layer, composed of areolar connective tissue

23
Q

External anatomy

A

artria separated from ventricles externally by the coronary sulcus, extends around circumference of the heart

anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus are located between left/right ventricles

these sulci extend inferiorly to the apex of the heart

24
Q

Functions of the Fibrous skeleton

A

separates ventricles from atria

anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings of attachment

provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

insulations ensures muscle impulses are not separated at random, preventing heart chambers from beating at the same time

provides rigid framework for attachment of cardiac muscle tissue

25
Q

Right atrium (from memory)

A

receives blood from IVC/SVC, coronary sinus, has pectinate muscle and separated from Left Atria via interatrial septum

26
Q

Right Ventricle (from memory)

A

interventricular spetum separates R/L ventricles

has three papillary muscles which anchor the chordae tendineae

27
Q

Left atrium

A

posterior wall contains four openings for pulmonary veins

anterior wall contains small amount of pectinate muscle, and an auricle

28
Q

Left ventricle

A

largest of the four chambers

wall is 3 times thicker than Right ventricle because it is supplying blood to the systemic circuit

trabeculae carneae in the left are more prominent

TWO papillary muscles attach to chordae tendineae

29
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

superior end narrows into smooth walled, conical region called conus arteriosus

marks end of right ventricle and entrance of the pulmonary trunk

30
Q

conduction system of heart

A

possesses autorhythmicity

contractile muscles in the myocardium

31
Q

Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

A

Sinoatrial node is located in the posterior, superior wall of the right atrium below the superior vena cava

the atrioventricular node is located between the floor of the AV valve and the coronary sinus

32
Q

path of conduction

A

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of His —> purkinje fibers –> spreads from apex throughout ventricular myocardium

33
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

symp/parasym via cardiac/coronary plexus

sym INCREASES rate and force of heart contractions

parasym decreases rate, but HAS NO EFFECT ON FORCE OF CONTRACTION, except in special circumstances

34
Q

Coronary circulation

A

L/R coronary arteries travel in coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) of heart to supply heart wall

Right coronary artery branches into marginal artery, supplies right border of the heart

posterio

35
Q

marginal artery

A

branches from the right coronary artery

supplies the right border of the heart

36
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A

branches from the right coronary artery

supplies both left and right ventricles

37
Q

Left coronary artery branches into

A

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

38
Q

LAD

A

left anterior descending artery, branches from left coronary artery

supplies anterior surface of both ventricles and interventricular septum

39
Q

circumflex artery

A

supplies left atrium and ventricle

40
Q

cardiomyopathies (two kinds)

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

left ventricle weakened, struggles to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

hypertrophic myopathy

left ventricle does not fully relax between heartbeats

Anatomy (30 decks)

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