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bits stuff > Med School Mock > Flashcards

Med School Mock Flashcards

1
Q

familial adenomatous polyposis inheritance pattern

A

autosomal dominant

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2
Q

what mechanism stops bleeding after venepuncture

A

platelet and fibrin plug forming over the area of damaged endothelial wall

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3
Q

malignan neoplasm growing with an area of metaplasia

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

what is a sarcoma

A

cancer (malignant) that starts in tissues like bone or muscle

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5
Q

first line management for hyperkalaemia

A
  • calcium chloride or calcium gluconate
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6
Q

Which artery plays an important role in erectile function

A

Internal pudendal artery

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7
Q

give post renal causes of AKI

A

mechanical obstruction of urinary outflow tract

- BPH, stones

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8
Q

give intrinsic causes of AKI

A
  • acute tubular necorsis
  • glomerulonephritis
  • interstitial nephritis
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9
Q

give pre renal causes of AKI

A

decreased renal perfusion

  • hypovolaemia
  • haemorrhage
  • sepsis
  • over diureses
  • HF
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10
Q

what triggers release of aldosterone

A
  • decreased blood pressure is detected => adrenal gland is stimulated by stretch receptors => aldosterone release
  • RAAS: angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex => aldosterone release
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11
Q

first line imaging for suspected stroke

A

CT !

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12
Q

Wilsons disease presentation

A
  • tremor
  • sloppy of small handwriting
  • dysarthria
  • kayser-fleischer ring
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13
Q

myasthenia graves presentation

A
  • muscle fatiguability
  • drooping eyelids
  • double vision
  • slurred speach
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14
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A
  • autoimmune condition that affects ACh uptake

- circulating antibodies against AChR impair neuromuscular transmission

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15
Q

parkinsons presentation

A

triad:

  • resting tremor (pill rolling)
  • rigidity (cogwheel)
  • bradykinesia (small handwriting, shuffling gait, reduced facial movements + expressions)
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16
Q

huntingtons investigation

A

CAG repeat testing

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17
Q

huntingtons presentation

A
  • chorea
  • loss of coordination
  • irritability and impulsivity
  • personality change
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18
Q

management for Gillian barre syndrome

A
  • alert ITU
  • Start intravenous immunoglobulin
  • Start plasma exchange (IgA deficient or renal failure)
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19
Q

aortic stenosis on clinical exam, feature

A

small volume and slow rising pulse

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20
Q

aortic regurgitation on clinical exam, feature

A
  • collapsing pulse

bounding and forceful, rapidly increasing and subsequently collapsing

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21
Q

commonest cause of myocardial dysfunction that leads to heart failure

A

ischaemic heart disease

22
Q

describe venous ulcers

A
  • caused by venous insufficiency
  • appear shallow with irregular borders and a granulating base
  • often located over the medial malleolus
  • most common type of leg ulcer
  • prone to infection
23
Q

describe arterial ulcers

A
  • caused by a reduction in arterial blood flow => decreased perfusion of the tissues => poor healing
  • small deep lesions with well-defined borders and a necrotic base
  • commonly occur distally at sites of trauma and in pressure areas (e.g the heel)
24
Q

extra intestinal manifestation of crohns

A

Erythema nodosum

25
Q

what type of jaundice does pancreatic cancer cause

A

post hepatic

bile duct becomes blocked by the tumour

26
Q

potassium levels in DKA

A

hyperkalaemia is common but hypokalaemia is an indicator of severe DKA

27
Q

cause of primary amenorrhoea

A

turners syndrome

28
Q

aldosterone effect on electrolytes

A

mineralocorticoe steroid hormone that acts on kidneys to:

  • increase sodium reabsorption in distal tubule
  • increase potassium secretion in distal tubule
  • increase H+ secretion in collecting ducts
29
Q

cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

renal artery stenosis

30
Q

what does high ACTH cause (electrolytes(

A

decreasing the excretion of sodium and increasing that of potassium in the urine
blood:
- low potassium
- high Na

31
Q

symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A
  • Palpitations
  • Poor concentration
  • Shaking
  • Sweating
32
Q

what do you do if patient is hospitalised due to the adverse drug reaction (ADR).

A

Report the ADR via the yellow card system

33
Q

ITP vs TTP symtoms

A

ITP: not enough platelets => blood to leak from small blood vessels
- bruising, Petechiae, bleeding, blood blisters in mouth

TTP: small clots prevent orange working

  • headaches, vision changes, kidney failure
  • also signs similar to ITP
34
Q

what immune cells important in COPD

A

neutrophils

35
Q

what immune cells important in asthma

A

mast cells and eosinophils

36
Q

most common form of lung cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

37
Q

what does innate immune system respond to

A

It responds in the same way to all germs and foreign substances, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the “nonspecific” immune system

38
Q

describe compliment levels in SLE

A

low

39
Q

what cancer associated with sjogens

A

NHL

40
Q

how does Vibrio cholerae cause diarrhoea

A

A toxin that deregulates ion transport in epithelial cells

41
Q

how do penicillins work

A

work by disrupting peptidoglycan => damages cell wall

42
Q

what is meningococcal meningitis caused by

A

Neisseria meningitidis

43
Q

reason for breast lumps

A
  • cancer
  • ductal papilloma
  • cyst
  • breast implant ruptured
44
Q

what dementia is Parkinson’s associated with

A

Lewy body dementia

45
Q

what would you seen on CT in Parkinson’s

A

nothing/ no pathology

46
Q

what can trigger a migraine

A

cheese, caffeine, stress

47
Q

alzeihmers risk factors

A
  • downs syndrome

- depression

48
Q

hallmark features of Alzheimer’s - histology

A
  • Extracellular deposition of beta amyloid plaques
  • Tau -neurofibrillary tangles
  • Damaged synapses
  • Cortical atrophy (hippocampus)
49
Q

causes of Gillian barre

A
  • EBV

- CMV

50
Q

Gillian barre treatment

A
  • IV immunoglobulins

- plasma exchange

51
Q

a transient loss of vision in one or both eyes

A
  • Amaurosis fugax

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