Mechanisms of ventilation

Question 1

What are the three parts of the pharynx

Answer 1

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 2

What are the roles of the superior concha and the inferior concha

Answer 2

Increase SA

Help filtrate air thats Brought in

Question 3

What is the epiglottis

Answer 3

Protects airways

When you swallow, epiglottis closes the airway so the food and airway goes into the oesphagus and not the trachea

Question 4

How do we breathe

Answer 4

At rest, diaphragm relaxed

• Muscles of respiration contract to expand thoracic cavity (mainly diaphragm)
• THis increases thoracic volume/decreases intrathoracic pressure
• Air drawn into lungs from outside (where pressure is greater)
• Air passes into terminal bronchioles/alveoli to oxygenate blood
• Diaphragm relaxes, lungs recoil, thoracic volume decreases, intrathoracic pressure increases and air expelled

Question 5

What is the main muscle of respiration when relaxed

Answer 5

Diaphragm

Question 6

What is the diaphragm innervated by

Answer 6

Phrenic nerve C3-5

Question 7

What does the diaphragm anteriorly attach to

Answer 7

Xiphoid process and costal margin

Question 8

What does the diaphragm laterally attach to

Answer 8

ribs 6-12

Question 9

What does the diaphragm posteriorly attach to

Answer 9

T12 vertebra

Question 10

What is the most important intercostal muscle

Answer 10

External

Question 11

What does the contraction of external and internal fibers do

Answer 11

Raises each rib toward the rib above, to raise the rib cage

Question 12

What do the innermost and internal intercostal muscles do

Answer 12

Depress each rib to the rib below, to lower the rib cage

Question 13

What is the direction of the external intercostal muscles

Answer 13

Hands in the pockets

Question 14

What are the accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 14

Trapezius
Pectorals
Scalenous anterior
SCM

Question 15

What does the trapezius do

Answer 15

Fix the pectoral girdle to raise the rib cage

Question 16

What does the scaleous anterior do

Answer 16

Attach to rib 1 tubercle and helps raise rib 1 to aid respiration

Question 17

What does the SCM do

-Where does it attach

Answer 17

Raises sternum to aid respiration

-manubrium and clavicle

Question 18

What are the lungs covered by when they go above the first rib

Answer 18

Suprapleural membrane

Question 19

What is the parietal pleura continuous with

Answer 19

Visceral pleura

Question 20

What does the parietal pleura line

Answer 20

Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Inside of the ribcage
Mediastinum again

Question 21

What can babies only breathe via

Answer 21

abdominal breathing (only diaphragm contraction)
-can't use pump/bucket handle movements

Question 22

What muscles are weak in babies

Answer 22

Intercostals

Question 23

What are babies at high risk of and why

Answer 23

Reliance on the diaphragm for breathing means there is a risk for respiratory failure if the diaphragm is not able to contract

Question 24

When are children nasal breathers

Answer 24

Until 4-6 week

Question 25

What is larger in children than adults and why might this be a problem

Answer 25

Tongue in proportion to the mouth

-More likely to obstruct airway if child unconscious so higher chance for respiratory distress

Question 26

What else is also higher in children than adults

Answer 26

Respiratory rate

Question 27

How do you do an examination of the airways

Answer 27

Bronchoscopy

Question 28

What is the carina

Answer 28

Point where trachea splits into two

Question 29

What is a sign of respiratory distress

Answer 29

Use of accessory muscles while at rest (because lungs fail to provide enough oxygen to a person’s body)

Question 30

What are the two main types of respiratory distress

Answer 30

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome which affects newborn babies

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can affect people regardless of age

Question 31

Symptoms of respiratory distress

Answer 31

Blue colored extremities
Rapid and shallow breathing
Rapid heart rate

Question 32

Who is more at risk of neonatal respiratory distress

Answer 32

Premature because lungs are not developed properly

Question 33

What causes pneumothorax

Answer 33

When you get air in pleural cavity to get a ‘real’ space

Question 34

How can air get in pleural cavity to cause pneumothorax

Answer 34

Perforate parietal pleura

Question 35

What are the two types of pneumothorax

Answer 35

• Non-tension pneumothorax

- Tension pneumothorax

Question 36

Whats the difference between non-tension and tension pneumothorax

Answer 36

non-tension- When theres a hole in pleural cavity but air can still get in and out. Theres a flap which allows air to go in and out

tension- air can’t get out, but can only come in (big medical emergency)

Question 37

How does a tension pneumothorax look different to a non-tension in an X-ray

Answer 37

Non-tension= mediastinum is at midline, hemidiaphragms at equal length

Tension- mediastinum is deviated (is more outwards) so pushes into heart and will cause heart failure, hemidiaphragms not at equal length

Question 38

What is emphysema

Answer 38

In a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Dust accumulates in lung tissue which results in an inflammatory response, the over-inflated alveoli do not allow effective gas exchange

Question 39

How can you see emphysema in an x ray

Answer 39

Lungs stay inflated so unoxygenated blood stays there and less oxygenated blood comes in