Mechanisms of ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What are the roles of the superior concha and the inferior concha

A

Increase SA

Help filtrate air thats Brought in

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3
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Protects airways

When you swallow, epiglottis closes the airway so the food and airway goes into the oesphagus and not the trachea

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4
Q

How do we breathe

A

At rest, diaphragm relaxed

  • Muscles of respiration contract to expand thoracic cavity (mainly diaphragm)
  • THis increases thoracic volume/decreases intrathoracic pressure
  • Air drawn into lungs from outside (where pressure is greater)
  • Air passes into terminal bronchioles/alveoli to oxygenate blood
  • Diaphragm relaxes, lungs recoil, thoracic volume decreases, intrathoracic pressure increases and air expelled
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5
Q

What is the main muscle of respiration when relaxed

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by

A

Phrenic nerve C3-5

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7
Q

What does the diaphragm anteriorly attach to

A

Xiphoid process and costal margin

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8
Q

What does the diaphragm laterally attach to

A

ribs 6-12

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9
Q

What does the diaphragm posteriorly attach to

A

T12 vertebra

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10
Q

What is the most important intercostal muscle

A

External

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11
Q

What does the contraction of external and internal fibers do

A

Raises each rib toward the rib above, to raise the rib cage

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12
Q

What do the innermost and internal intercostal muscles do

A

Depress each rib to the rib below, to lower the rib cage

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13
Q

What is the direction of the external intercostal muscles

A

Hands in the pockets

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14
Q

What are the accessory muscles of respiration

A

Trapezius
Pectorals
Scalenous anterior
SCM

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15
Q

What does the trapezius do

A

Fix the pectoral girdle to raise the rib cage

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16
Q

What does the scaleous anterior do

A

Attach to rib 1 tubercle and helps raise rib 1 to aid respiration

17
Q

What does the SCM do

-Where does it attach

A

Raises sternum to aid respiration

-manubrium and clavicle

18
Q

What are the lungs covered by when they go above the first rib

A

Suprapleural membrane

19
Q

What is the parietal pleura continuous with

A

Visceral pleura

20
Q

What does the parietal pleura line

A

Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Inside of the ribcage
Mediastinum again

21
Q

What can babies only breathe via

A
abdominal breathing (only diaphragm contraction)
-can't use pump/bucket handle movements
22
Q

What muscles are weak in babies

A

Intercostals

23
Q

What are babies at high risk of and why

A

Reliance on the diaphragm for breathing means there is a risk for respiratory failure if the diaphragm is not able to contract

24
Q

When are children nasal breathers

A

Until 4-6 week

25
What is larger in children than adults and why might this be a problem
Tongue in proportion to the mouth | -More likely to obstruct airway if child unconscious so higher chance for respiratory distress
26
What else is also higher in children than adults
Respiratory rate
27
How do you do an examination of the airways
Bronchoscopy
28
What is the carina
Point where trachea splits into two
29
What is a sign of respiratory distress
Use of accessory muscles while at rest (because lungs fail to provide enough oxygen to a person's body)
30
What are the two main types of respiratory distress
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome which affects newborn babies Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can affect people regardless of age
31
Symptoms of respiratory distress
Blue colored extremities Rapid and shallow breathing Rapid heart rate
32
Who is more at risk of neonatal respiratory distress
Premature because lungs are not developed properly
33
What causes pneumothorax
When you get air in pleural cavity to get a 'real' space
34
How can air get in pleural cavity to cause pneumothorax
Perforate parietal pleura
35
What are the two types of pneumothorax
- Non-tension pneumothorax | - Tension pneumothorax
36
Whats the difference between non-tension and tension pneumothorax
non-tension- When theres a hole in pleural cavity but air can still get in and out. Theres a flap which allows air to go in and out tension- air can't get out, but can only come in (big medical emergency)
37
How does a tension pneumothorax look different to a non-tension in an X-ray
Non-tension= mediastinum is at midline, hemidiaphragms at equal length Tension- mediastinum is deviated (is more outwards) so pushes into heart and will cause heart failure, hemidiaphragms not at equal length
38
What is emphysema
In a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dust accumulates in lung tissue which results in an inflammatory response, the over-inflated alveoli do not allow effective gas exchange
39
How can you see emphysema in an x ray
Lungs stay inflated so unoxygenated blood stays there and less oxygenated blood comes in