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Asthma RCM week 1 > Introduction to the main structures of the thorax > Flashcards

Introduction to the main structures of the thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart and the pericardium positioned in relation to the mediastinum

A

Inferior middle part of mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart

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3
Q

What is the epicardium

A

Thin, external layer formed by the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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4
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Thick middle muscle layer of the heart (cardiac muscle)

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5
Q

What is the heart surrounded by

A

Fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to

-By what

A

The diaphragm

-Pericardiophrenic ligaments

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7
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium blend into

A

Adventitia of great vessels

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8
Q

What does the serous pericardium comprise of

A

Visceral layer (epicardium) and parietal layer (lining fibrous pericardium)

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9
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between epicardium and parietal layer

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10
Q

What is the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart made of

A

Mostly right )with a bit of left) ventricle

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11
Q

What is the inferior or diaphragmatic surface made of

A

Mostly left (with a bit of right) ventricle

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12
Q

What is the posterior or base surface of the heart made of

A

Mostly left (and bit of right) atrium and pulmonary vein

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary surface of the heart made of

A

Mostly Left ventricle, in cardiac notch of L lung

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14
Q

What is the apex surface of the heart made of

A

Left ventricle

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15
Q

Where is the apex

A

usually posterior to left ics5 In adults

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16
Q

What is the superior border of the heart

A

Left costal cartilage 2 to right costal cartilage 3

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17
Q

What is the right border of the heart

A

Convex to R;from Right costal cartilage 3 to right costal cartilage 6; Mainly right atrium with superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Where does the inferior border of the heart lie

A

On diaphragm central tendon

From right costal cartilage 6 to left intercostal space 5

Mainly right ventricle and part of left ventricle

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19
Q

Where does the left border of the heart lie

A

Convex to left

From left intercostal space 5 and back to left costal cartilage 2

Mainly left ventricle and maybe some left atrium

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20
Q

What are pulmonary and aortic valves called

A

Semilunar valves

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21
Q

What are Biscupid (Mitral)and Tricuspid valves called

A

atrioventricular valves

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22
Q

For valve positions, what to remember

A

PAMT 3344

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23
Q

For valve auscultation sites (listening), what to remember

A

2256

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24
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve found

A

Medial to Left costal cartilage 3

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25
Q

Where is the aortic valve found

A

Medical to left intercostal space 3

26
Q

Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve found

A

Medial to left costocartilage 4

27
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve found

A

Medial to right intercostal space 4

28
Q

Where to listen to the sounds of the pulmonary valve

A

Left intercostal space 2 near sternal edge

29
Q

Where to listen to sounds of the aortic valve

A

Right intercostal space 2 near sternal edge

30
Q

Where to ,listen ti bicuspid/mitral valve

A

Left intercostal space 5 at midclavicular line

31
Q

Where to listen to tricuspid valve

A

Left intercostal space 5/6 near lower sternal edge

32
Q

Which of the pleura of the lungs are sensitive to pain

A

Parietal pleura

33
Q

What nerves is the parietal pleura supplied by

A

Intercostal and phrenic

34
Q

What supplies the visceral pleura

A

Autonomic nerves

35
Q

What are the surfaces of the lung

A

Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Cervical

36
Q

What does the mediastinal surface of the lung contain

A

Hilum and pulmonary ligament

37
Q

Where is the cervical surface of the lung

A

2-3cm above medial third of clavicle, as apex, dome or cupola

38
Q

Where are pleural reflections

A

Occur where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura anteriorly and posteriorly, and with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly

39
Q

which ribs are the pleural reflections

A

2,4,6,8,10 (+12 for parietal)

40
Q

Pleural reflections 2-6 (visceral)

A

Reflctions closest at plane of sternal angle (rib 2)

Parallel down to rib 4

L indented (cardiac notch) but R continues to cc 6

41
Q

Pleural reflections 8-10 (visceral)

A

Cross rib 8 at midaxillary line

Cross rib 10 at lateral border of erector spinae muscle

42
Q

Where are the parietal pleura reflections

A

2,4,6,8,10,12

43
Q

pleural reflections ribs 2-6

A

Assymetry and close behind sternal angle (rib 2)

Parallel down to rib 4

L indented (cardiac notch) but R continues to cc6

44
Q

Pleural reflections 8-12

A

Rib 8 at midclavicular line

Rib 10 at mid axillary line

Rib 12 at lateral border of erector spinae muscle

45
Q

In the right lung, where does the oblique fissure run

A

From T2 vertebra posteriorly to rib 6 anteriorly

46
Q

In the right lung, where does th horizontal fissure run

A

From rib4 o oblique fissure

47
Q

Where to listen to the superior and middle lobes

A

Anterior

48
Q

Where to listen to the inferior lobe

A

Mainly posterior

49
Q

Where to put stethoscope to listen to superior part of the superior lobe

A

Above the clavicle

50
Q

Where does trachea bifurcate (carina)

A

T4 -T5

51
Q

Difference between left main bronchus and right main bronchus

A

Left- wider and more horizontal

Right- More vertical and less wide

52
Q

What does a wider bronchus mean

A

Things ar more likely to go down the left bronchus

53
Q

How are bronchi classed

A

Main bronchus- secondary bronchi - Tertiary bronchi

54
Q

What do secondary bronchi do

A

Supply lobes

55
Q

What do tertiary bronchi do

A

Supply segments

56
Q

What does each lobe have

-why is this beneficial

A

9 or 10 bronchopulmonary segments

-if there is a tumor, you can just remove the segment and not the whole lobe

57
Q

How many segments does the right lung have

A

10

58
Q

How many segments does the left lung have

A

9 or 10

59
Q

In supine patients (ones lying down for long periods of time), where foes fluid tend to accumulate

A

Apical and posterior segments of the inferior lobe

60
Q

What does the azygous system do

A

Drainage of the posterior thoracic wall

Asthma RCM week 1 (12 decks)

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