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Asthma RCM week 1 > Functional histology of the lungs > Flashcards

Functional histology of the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three principle compartments of the respiratory system

A
  • Conduction zone
  • Respiratory zone
  • Musco-elastic ventilation apparatus
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2
Q

What does the conduction zone do

A

Conditions inhaled air

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3
Q

What does the respiratory zone do

A

Site of gas exchange

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4
Q

What does the music-elastic ventilation apparatus do

A

Drives ventilation

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5
Q

What does air come in through and what happens here

A

Nasal cavity

-air gets swirled around

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6
Q

Where does air go after the nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx and then the trachea through the voice box

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7
Q

What is the gas exchange region in the lungs called

A

Distal respiratory tree

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8
Q

What are airways kept open by and why

A

Bony/cartilaginous scaffolds

-To cope with changing pressure

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9
Q

What do turbinate bone do an where are they

A

In the nasal cavity and they form narrow passageways that create turbulence so drive air in and out of the sinuses because opening of sinuses is very small

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10
Q

How is temperature adjustment and moisturizing enhanced

A

Due to large venous plexus in the submucosa

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11
Q

How are large particles prevented entry

A

By vibrissae (small hairs at entry to nasal cavity)

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12
Q

What is the epithelium of the respiratory tract to the bronchioles

A

Respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

What is below the epithelium

A

Mucosa has a sponge like epithelium due to the extensive venous plexus

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14
Q

What does the venous plexus do

A

Mediate exchange of moisture with the air; their filling status also relates the flow of air through the nasal cavities

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15
Q

What is on top of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory elithelium

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16
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium do

A

Conveys the sense of smell

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17
Q

What do the cilia on the olfactory epithelium carry

A

Odorant receptors

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18
Q

what do the central processes of the olfactory processes of the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium unite to form

A

Nerve bundles that pass through the crifriborm plate (which collectively constitute the olfactory nerve) and enter the olfactory bulb

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19
Q

What is the trachea kept open by

A

Horse shoes shaped cartilage

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20
Q

What glands does the trachea have and where

A

Seromucous glands in the submucosa

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21
Q

What completes the rings which are partially formed by the cartilage

A

Smooth muscle

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22
Q

What does respiratory epithelium consist of

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium of varying thickness (depending on region) with mucous producing goblet cells

23
Q

What areas ave additional seromucuous glands in their submucosa

A

Trachea

24
Q

What is mucociliary clearance

A

Mucus getting transported towards the pharynx by constantly beating cilia

25
Q

What does bronchus haven its wall

A

cartilage

26
Q

what is the lumen of bronchus bordered by

A

Respiratory epithelium

27
Q

When there is an incomplete ring of smooth muscle located between the epithelium and cartilage, what may be present

A

Submucosal glands

28
Q

what does the presence of cartilage mean

A

It is a bronchus

29
Q

How are the bronchioles different from bronchi

A
  • No cartilage in its wall
  • Epithelium is smaller and the cells are not columnar anymore
  • Fewer goblet cells
30
Q

What is the epithelium of the smaller bronchioli like

A

Cells become cuboidal and the cells consist of ciliated and non-ciliated club cells

31
Q

What is the role of club cels

A

Protective role as they generate serous secretions

32
Q

What surround the epithelium in smaller bronchioli

A

complete ring of smooth muscle

33
Q

What is the ration of muscle ring thickness to luminar diameter like in bronchioli than bronchi

A

Higher

34
Q

What does the bronchiolar constriction induce

A

High airway resistance

35
Q

What do terminal bronchioles give rise to

A

Respiratory bronchioles that have cuboidal epithelium and alveoli built in their walls

36
Q

What does the connective tissue of the alveoli and the lower airways contain

A

Numerous elastin fibres

37
Q

What is the blood air barrier in the alveoli built of

A

Ultra thin walls of capillary endothelium and type 1 cells

38
Q

Where is the blood supply to the alveolar capillary networks from

A

Pulmonary circulation (which are elastic to distal part)

39
Q

What are pulmonary arteries like

A

Elastic arteries with comparatively thin walls

40
Q

What are do the larger pulmonary arteries accompany

A

bronchi and bronchioli

41
Q

What do the bronchi have their own blood supply from

A

aorta which are muscular

42
Q

What are the bronchial arteries like

A

Small strong muscular wall like elastin

43
Q

Why are surfactants used

A

Because in a space of such a small diameter as an alveolus, any water on the alveolar surface would exert strong capillary forces which would inhibit the expansion of the lung

44
Q

What do surfactants do

A

Reduce surface tension

45
Q

Where are the lymph vessels of the lung’s lymphatic drainage system found

A

In the septa next to the vessels of the pulmonary circulation

46
Q

What do the lymph vessels in the lung drain into

A

A series of major lymph nodes along the trachea

47
Q

Where are there also a network of lymph vessels

A

Interstitial layer adjacent to the pleura

48
Q

Where are tonsils found

A

In oral and nasal cavity

49
Q

What are tonsils

A

Antigen presentation sites which have access to the airways

50
Q

How many tonsils are there in nasal cavity

A

5

51
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring

A

Ring of tonsils at the anterior pharynx which are basically aggregates of lymph follicles

52
Q

What do the mucus of the airways contain

A

immunoglobins

53
Q

What are the primary line of defense in alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

Asthma RCM week 1 (12 decks)

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