Measure Phase Exam Flashcards by Briana Casteel

Lead time for a delivery process is the time elapsed between when a product is ordered and when the product:

ready for delivery

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T/F

The 5 Whys approach is a problem-solving technique

False

its a root cause technique

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Which of these is not continuous data?
A25 km distance
B Number of students
C 5 cm long
D 3 liters of milk

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The ratio and interval scale of data are linked to the___________ type of data.

Continuous data is a type of quantitative or numerical data, which can use a ratio scale as well as an interval scale. Other options are related to the type of attribute or qualitative data.

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T/F

A data collection plan is used mostly to gather passive data.

TRUE

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The x-axis of a histogram contains the ______________scale of data.

ratio
Nominal
Interval
Oridnal

INTERVAL

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If the data distribution is skewed, range is used to estimate variability of data.

True

Either range or interquartile range is used when the data distribution is skewed or has outliers.

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Measurement system analysis is used for continuous data only

T/F

False

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Measurement system analysis also includes the environment.

T/F

Measurement system analysis includes the operator, reference/standard, procedure, equipment, and the environment.

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In measurement system analysis, precision can be divided into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
repeatability; accuracy
B
reproducibility; stability
C
accuracy; bias
D
repeatability; reproducibility

D
Precision means getting the same values for the characteristics of a process every time a measurement is made using the same device/equipment. Repeatability is observed when one operator obtains measurements, whereas reproducibility is observed when more than one operator obtain measurements.

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Attribute agreement analysis is different from measurement system analysis

FALSE

Attribute agreement analysis is the measurement system analysis for attribute data (e.g., pass/fail, accept/reject).

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If % tolerance GR&R ≤ 10%, then the measurement system (MS) is: 
POOR
 ACCEPTABLE
MARGINAL
IDEAL

IDEAL

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In the Six Sigma approach, the current process capability is the key output is

MEASURE PHASE

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if Cpk upper (Cpu) = 2.0 and Cpk lower (Cpl) = 0.83, what can you conclude?

The reported Cpk is the minimum of two values (Cpu, Cpl). Cpl = 0.83, so if Cpk = 0.83 < 1.33, we can conclude that the process is not stable.

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ distribution is the non-normal distribution for continuous data.
A
Binomial
B
Poisson
C
Lognormal
D
Gaussia

Lognormal distribution is non-normal distribution for continuous type of data. Gaussian distribution is also known as normal distribution. Binomial and Poisson distributions are used for attribute data.

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For Cpk assessment, the process should be _________ and data must be _______

Cpk is used to predict the performance of a process. It should be assessed based on a stable process and normal data.

T/F
A data set is considered to be normal with a 95% confidence level if:

The p-value > 0.05

Binomial distribution is used for

defective data

FMEA does not focus on what?

Solving problems

The Interquartile range (IQR) = Upper quartile (75%) - Lower quartile (25%) = 50%. It represents the size of the box in terms of data values.

75-25=50%

Shows individual values can be a useful alternative to the histogram.

Dot Plot

Checking measurements against a reference/standard/master is what type of check

Accuracy

The characteristics of the appropriate measure are sufficient, relevant, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and contextual.
A
representative
B
usable
C
suitable
D
appropriate

Sufficient means that the measures are available to be measured regularly. The measures are relevant to the process, so they can help to understand and isolate the problems. They are representative of the process across shifts and people, so the variation can be detected across shifts and people. They are contextual, meaning it is necessary to collect information with other relevant information that might explain process variability.

The problem in accuracy, linearity, and/or stability result in the average of the data being below or above the true value. The distance between the average and true value is known as:
A
Repeatability.
B
Bias.
C
A defect.
D
The Z-score.

Bias is the offset from the true value. Bias is defined as the deviation of the measured average value from the actual value. Calibration is a way to minimize and control bias within acceptable limits.

``` In attribute agreement analysis, the _________ is used to measure inter/intra-rater agreement. A t-statistic B z-statistic C kappa statistic D F-statistic ```

The kappa statistic (or kappa coefficient) is the most commonly used statistic for measuring inter-rater reliability for qualitative/attribute data.

T/F Attribute agreement analysis/attribute MSA provides assessment about how inspectors/reviewers are conforming to known criteria.

TRUE

``` What should you do first if the high variation in data is coming from the measurement system, assuming the equipment has no issue? A Send the equipment for calibration. B Retrain the operators. C Repeat the MSA. D Improve the production process. ```

The primary contributors to the high variation associated with the measurement system are repeatability and reproducibility. The equipment is not an issue if it working properly. We should retrain the operators about the procedure and standards for better understanding.

``` The short-term Z-score is 4.0 after a process improvement effort. What will the long-term Z-score be? A 3.5 B 2.5 C 5.5 D 4.5 ```

Long-term Z = Short-term Z - 1.5.

``` For a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are same. If the mean is greater than the median, the distribution is: A Left skewed. B Right skewed. C Symmetrical. D Bimodal. ```

The mean is greater than the median due to extremely high data values. It makes the distribution tail longer on the right side, which is known as right-skewed distribution.

``` A distribution that best fits the process data is selected based on p-value. What distribution should be selected for process capability analysis with a confidence level of 95%? 1. Weibull distribution, p-value < 0.003 2. Lognormal distribution, p-value = 0.075 3. Exponential distribution, p-value < 0.005 4. Normal distribution, p-value < 0.05 A Weibull B Lognormal C Exponential D Normal ```

For lognormal distribution, p-value = 0.075 > 0.05 (α-risk). α-risk = 1 - confidence level = 1 - 0.95 = 0.05.

``` Attribute process capability is always assessed based on long-term data, as it requires ____________ samples to get a good estimate statistically. A too few B few C so many D all ```

As compared with continuous data, attribute data are qualitative and subjective data. We need more samples for any estimation to be statistically sound.

Stable processes do not have any ______ cause variation; they only have______ cause variation.

special & common

``` A p-chart is used for _________ and a u-chart is for _______ A defect data; defective data B defective data; defect data C continuous data; attribute data D fixed samples; variable samples ```

``` A defect data; defective data B defective data; defect data C continuous data; attribute data D fixed samples; variable samples ``` A p-chart is used to plot the percent of defective items, whereas a u-chart is used to plot the number of defects per unit. Sample size is not fixed for both.