McNamera, Ch 1 Flashcards
What are the eight components of the Author’s definition of sleep?
restorative process, reversible, homeostatic, brain state-regulated, circadian and social physiologic organized, quiescent posture, perceptual disengagement, and elevated threshold.
What is an EEG?
electroencephalogram
What is full polygraphic sleep?
EEG measures of both REM and N1, N2, and N3.
What animals are capable of full polygraphic sleep?
Only primates (including humans.)
What are the physiological indices of NREM?
reductions in core body temperature
reductions in metabolism
What are the physiological indices of REM?
significant lability in the autonomic nervous system
significant lability in cardiovascular and respiratory measures
What are EEG measures of REM?
low voltage fast waves
rapid eye movements
theta rhythms in the hippocampus
pontine-geniculo-occipital waves
What are EEG measures of NREM?
high voltage slow waves, spindles and k-complexes
What are pontine-geniculo-occipital waves?
electrical discharges in all the visual centers of the brain, from the pons to the occipital cortex
what is delta power?
Delta waves as measured by an EEG during NREM sleep that grow in intensity with sleep deprivation.
What is the social brain network?
all areas of the brain that handles/mediates all the thinking and emotional work we have to do to keep track of and regulate our social interactions with others.
What eight brain structures make up the social brain?
amygdala fusiform gyrus ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal regions frontopolar region (BA 10) superior temporal sulcus temporal parietal junction insula precuneus
Which social brain area is responsible for the facial perceptions of others?
fusiform gyrus
What is the role of the amygdala in the social brain?
emotional memory, threat appraisal and fear
What is the role of the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal regions in the social brain?
support processing of self-related information as well as understanding the mental states of others
what are the four roles of the frontopolar region in the social brain?
multitasking
working memory
cognitive branching
likely supports processing of 3rd and 4th orders of social intentionality
which area of the social brain contains mirror neurons that support social imitation behaviors and emotional empathy?
superior temporal sulcus
Which area of the social brain supports ToM tasks and language processing?
the temporal-parietal junction
Which area of the social brain supports empathic responses and moral emotions?
the insula
what is the function of the precuneus as part of the social brain?
involved in a range of activities from mental simulation to self-awareness
The set of structures comprising the social brain are gradually taken offline after sleep onset and throughout NREM sleep and then are gradually put back together or reconnected and reactivated during each subsequent episode of REM until the brain fully comes back online after waking. True or False?
True.
which brain structure in the social brain is the first to be taken offline during the night?
those that regulate structures within the social brain like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
The structures of the social brain are shut down in piecemeal fashion with each progressive episode of…
NREM sleep
Global cerebral activity continues to diminish with deepening NREM sleep. True or False?
True.
What is monophasic sleep?
sleep consolidated in one long session
What is biphasic sleep?
a long bout at night and a shorter nap during the day
In most mammals, sleep is polyphasic, meaning…
bouts of sleep occur during the day and night
Sleep in humans and primates is exquisitely sensitive to what?
social cues (ie, yawning, sleeping when others are sleeping, sleeping with someone, etc.)
Humans bodies react as if they expect you to not be sleeping alone. True or False?
True
How does sleep deprivation impact our emotions?
it is associated with diminished emotional expressivity, impaired emotion recognition, and increased emotional reactivity.
What is the neuroscience basis of the negative emotional effects of sleep deprivation?
a disconnect between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex due to sleep deprivation
REM and yawning both have these in common.
cholinergic excitation and dopaminergic inhibition
True or false: REM is always bihemispheric (that we know of.)
True
True or False: in terrestrial animals, NREM and REM sleep quotas increase in tandem with one another.
True
What are the two groups of primates?
Strepsirhini (lemurs and lorises)
Haplorhini (monkeys, apes and the tarsier)
What are the two groups of Haplorhines?
Platyrrhini (monkeys native to the New World)
Catarrhini (Monkeys and apes of the old world)
Relative to other primates, humans have exceptionally shorter sleep times but…
a significantly higher proportion of REM.
Primate sleep is characterized by these four statements.
- ) consolidation of sleep into a single long bout or two relatively long bouts
- ) reductions in total sleep times among diurnal primate species including humans
- ) increased sleep intensity
- ) maintenance of social contact during sleep
