Dement Ch. 5 and 18

Question 1

During pregnancy, the mother can send signals to her baby that mimic her biological clock. True or False?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

More babies are born at night because our circadian cycle signals that it is evolutionarily safe to do so. True or False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false. REM in babies is referred to as active sleep instead because the paralysis accompanying REM is not yet developed.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Why do they call the NREM phase in infants quiet sleep instead?

Answer 4

because we cannot differentiate between N1, N2 and N3 sleep yet.

Question 5

True or False. Infant sleep is totally random.

Answer 5

False. There are patterns to infant sleep.

Question 6

before 17 weeks, the pattern is…

Answer 6

about ten minutes later each night and an hour later each week.

Question 7

At 17 weeks, the pattern stabilizes. True or False.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Describe the two step process of appreciating our individual sleep needs and the circadian rhythm discussed by Dement. (103)

Answer 8

First, we have to remain attentive to our body’s unique circadian patterns and know how they tend to change over the life span.
Second, we have to respect those rhythms and adapt our lives to them.

Question 9

Describe Roffwarg’s work (methods, results, implications)

Answer 9

Roffwarg worked with Dement in hospitals to analyze infant sleep patterns using EEGs. From their research they were able to determine that babies spend a significant amount of time in REM sleep.

Question 10

Define sleeping through the night for an infant.

Answer 10

5 consolidated hours of sleep plus naps.

Question 11

Ferberizing is what?

Answer 11

the same method as graduated extinction, created by Richard Ferber.

Question 12

What role do circadian rhythms play in the timing of birth?

Answer 12

SWS increases during labor, and more births happen in the middle of the night than at any other time of the day.

Question 13

Describe the possible role of sleep in ADHD diagnoses.

Answer 13

The symptoms of ADHD mimic the symptoms of sleep or vise versa. Those with ADHD must be assessed for proper sleep due to the overlapping nature of symptoms.

Question 14

How do growth hormones change as we age?

Answer 14

They release in small amounts during childhood. They are most active during puberty and decline with age, resulting in menopause, at least in women.

Question 15

How does melatonin change as we age?

Answer 15

melatonin production solidifies at one month, and after development is over, slowly declines with age.

Question 16

Summarize synaptic pruning in adolescence

Answer 16

Synaptic pruning happens at increased rates in the adolescent brain compared to other stages of the lifespan. Sleep deprivation can limit this and therefore, should be avoided in teens.

Question 17

Dement’s suggestions for teen sleep. (408)

Answer 17

1) allow times for short naps in the afternoon, right after school
2) use light therapy. bright lights at morning to awaken the body and sunglasses at night to help fall asleep faster.
3) no electronic devices or TV after 9 pm so bedtime isn’t delayed.
4) make sure teens understand the effects of caffeine and when it is appropriate and when it is not.

Question 18

Describe Wahlstrom’s school start time study (methods, results, implications)

Answer 18

Wahlstrom investigated several schools including Jackson’s Hole, Wyoming who were trying later start times to help students improve. She used survey methods and got over 9,000 responses Her results seemed to support that later start times had a positive impact on the way the students felt about school and sleep.

Question 19

What are some specific effects of adolescent sleep deprivation?

Answer 19

moodiness, poor grades, impaired decision making skills, impaired executive function, and increased sleepiness while driving.

Question 20

Describe the sleep cycles and biological clocks of children at sleep camp as they turned 13, 14, and 15.

Answer 20

they have delayed sleep and are phase shifted, and many suffer from sleep deprivation due to early school start times and increased social obligations/engagements. due to this huge sleep debt, the children at sleep camp slept almost as long as when they were younger. This was before sleep debt was fully understood.

Question 21

Describe the purpose, findings and implications of Carskadon’s summer sleep camp. (103)

Answer 21

purpose was a multiyear study of adolescant sleep and how it changes.
Found that preteens are very well rested. For adolescents, they tended to need more sleep, closer to the amount they needed when they were younger, but they eventually discovered that they were phase shifted.

Question 22

Define the results from Carskadon’s and Dement’s sleep camp for older adults.

Answer 22

Over 40% of these normal elderly sleepers had some form of sleep apnea and a majority of the group suffered from extraordinarily frequent microarousals.

Question 23

Define microarousals.

Answer 23

unremembered very brief awakenings lasting only three seconds or less, but recurring between 200 and 1,000 time a night.

Question 24

Why is growth hormone and the associated stage 3 and 4 sleep necessary after adolescence?

Answer 24

Deep sleep is when growth hormone is released, and though adults no longer grow, it is critical for proper metabolism function and muscle growth and mass.

Question 25

What is the result of Ancoli-Israel’s studies of very old people in nursing home?

Answer 25

there was not a single hour of the day that in which the elders were not both asleep and awake.

Question 26

Describe women-specific sleep issues.

Answer 26

the menstrual cycle can affect sleep especially if they suffer from PMDD.
79% of pregnant women report disturbance during sleep.
Menopause can disturb sleep through hot flashes and hormonal changes.

Question 27

What is sleep efficiency and when is sleep most efficient?

Answer 27

percentage of total time in bed vs percentage of time spent actually asleep. Sleep is most efficient when wake dependent alerting is low and sleepiness is high, or between ages 6-12.