McNamara Ch 6 Flashcards
What are the four sleep theories for NREM mentioned in Ch. 6?
NREM sleep promotes optimal immune system function
Sleep is for rest/replenishment: sleep is for energy
NREM restores optimal cognitive performance for frontal Lobes
NREM promotes optimal neuronal connectivity
What are the sleep theories for REM mentioned in Ch. 6?
Memory consolidation
Dialogue between the hippocampus and cortex
REM functions to promote brain development
REM regulates expressions of emotions or emotional balance
What are the key points of the NREM-REM interaction and genetic conflict theory?
when values of NREM increase, REM values decrease and vice versa.
REM and NREM are regulated by separate sets of genes with opposing genetic or evolutionary interests.
What are the three key points made by those that argue that NREM promotes optimal immune function?
Sleep deprivation leads to the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus chronic sleep loss leads to chronic inflammation
Sleep duration increases after infection
Short-term increases in sleep duration appear to be triggered by immunomodualtory cytokines that are released by white blood cells during immune reactions.
What are the key points made by those that view sleep as rest/relaxation or restoration of energy?
The brain accounts for 20% of energy expenditure, but 2% total body mass.
Glia form a kind of lymphatic system for neurons and is ten to twenty-fold active during NREM over waking states.
N3 SWS sleep enables the restoration of the brain energy reserves in the form of glycogen.
The phenomena of sleep rebound
What key point contradicts the view of sleep as rest/relaxation or restoration of energy?
there is a rebound of NREM sleep after hibernation in hibernating animals. Hibernation is a low energy state and should not need replenishment.
What are the four key points of the view that NREM restores optimal cognitive performance for frontal lobes?
Sleep deprivation causes performance decrements on cognitive tasks that depend on integrity of the frontal lobe
The degree of impairment is wake dependent and use dependent
The greater the activity in the frontal lobes, the greater the delta power during NREM
Normal performance can be restored by sleep in a sleep dose-dependent manner
What are the four key points behind sleep promoting optimal neuronal connectivity?
Synapses are important for brain function
Synapses are activity-dependent.
More synapses equal less plasticity, resulting in less learning
Sleep regulates rigid synaptic networks and works to strengthen plasticity.
What are the three key points for the view that REM acts as memory consolidation?
REM increases after procedural learning tasks
Sleep associated consolidation of information gathered during the wake state appears to depend on hippocampal-cortical interactions that occur during both SWS and REM.
The intense activation of the limbic system, the amygdala and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during REM sleep suggest that it would also be crucial for the consolidation of emotional memories.
What points contradict sleep as memory consolidation?
individuals with brain lesions can still learn
individuals with reductions in REM can still learn
what is dream lag?
dreaming of learning the night after, then again seven days after learning
what key points support the view that REM is a dialogue between the hippocampus and the cortex?
The hippocampus can generate new neurons, but sleep deprivation inhibits this.
Memory processes involve communication between the hippocampus (acting as sieves), amygdala and cerebral cortex, where they are stored.
Sleep spindles and sharp wave ripple effects in the hippocampus happen together, which are seen as communication of info between the hippocampus and cortex.
Theta rhythms promote communication in the opposite direction during REM.
What are the key points of REM functioning to promote brain development?
Neonatal suppression of REM results in adult alterations in behavior or in neurotransmitter activity or in reductions in cell and tissue volumes in certain regions of the cerebral cortex.
Large amount of REM needed during juvenile period also suggests a specific role for REM in brain development.
What three points argue against REM functioning to promote brain development?
Only specific areas are active during REM
The stress experienced during REM is not a good environment for brain development.
Why would it persist into adulthood when the brain is clearly fully developed?
What key points support REM regulating emotional balance?
Daytime mood is associated with nighttime sleep quality
REM deprivation improves depressive mood states in depressed patients
REM values and dream content vary with a person’s stress levels and emotional history
Sleep period rich in REM are associated with significantly greater amounts of emotional memory consolidation and recall.
REM sleep is rich in Acetylcholine activity
