McNamara, Ch. 3

Question 1

Who makes up the majority of research participants in sleep studies?

Answer 1

WEIRD people: westernized, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic.

Question 2

what is hypermorphosis?

Answer 2

the extended growth period in humans across different ages of the lifespan.

Question 3

what is unique about humans in infancy and childhood when compared to other primates, regarding the sleep stages?

Answer 3

We see higher amounts of REM sleep than in other primates.

Question 4

A 2015 study presented evidence that REM sleep in early life promotes brain development by facilitating the release of what?

Answer 4

extracellular signal kinase, or ESK

Question 5

in what area of the brain does Kinase phosphorylation take place during REM sleep?

Answer 5

in the primary visual area of the cortex, V1.

Question 6

What is the result of REM deprivation during development as shown in kittens and mice?

Answer 6

non-elimination of synaptic pruning, which decreases overall neuroplasticity of the brain.

Question 7

what is somatic effort?

Answer 7

effort invested in growth and development of the body

Question 8

what is reproductive effort?

Answer 8

effort invested in reproducing

Question 9

what is the best attachment style?

Answer 9

secure attachment, in which the infant is consistently cared for by the caregiver and therefore develops closeness and comfort with leaving the caretaker’s immediate physical presence to explore.

Question 10

REM sleep or active sleep in infants starts at 32 weeks of age and continues to increase to what percentage until it levels off to near-adult values during the second week of life?

Answer 10

90%: which supports the statement that REM is necessary for brain development.

Question 11

when does the sleep cycle reach the 90 min interval of adult sleep?

Answer 11

in adolescence.

Question 12

which attachment style shows the highest number of nighttime wakings?

Answer 12

insecure-anxious attachment

Question 13

which two attachment styles evidenced the least amount of night waking?

Answer 13

insecure-avoidant and secure attachments

Question 14

in mentioning DNA and aging, McNamara states that either longer or shorter telomeres are important for promoting lack of mutation and thus a longer lifespan. which is it?

Answer 14

longer telomeres

Question 15

the age at which a man conceives his offspring increases that offspring’s chances of living a long life and increases his (and the whole lineage’s) reproductive fitness. Why?

Answer 15

because unlike other DNA, sperm-producing stem cells not only resist wearing away, the telomeres actually grow.

Question 16

it has been demonstrated that too much and too little sleep are associated with what?

Answer 16

short telomeres

Question 17

True or false. Children (4-12) miss the first stage of REM that adults get.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

After children experience their first cycle of REM, (about 20 min) they cycle equally between REM and NREM for the rest of the night. True or False?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

SWS peaks around age 4, the traditional weaning age of children. this is also the age at which night terrors begin. True or False?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Night terrors can occur between what ages?

Answer 20

3-12

Question 21

attachment style continues to matter until adolescence. True or False?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Keller predicted that mother child attachment security was predictive of what?

Answer 22

decreased subjective sleepiness during the day for both genders.

Question 23

Adolescence is associated in a decline in percentage of what sleep state?

Answer 23

SWS

Question 24

The onset of puberty is triggered by what three hormones?

Answer 24

hypothalami-initiated release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH), luteinizing hormone(LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 25

Virtually all of the growth hormones during adolescence are released during sleep, and many of the hormones controlling puberty onset are influenced by sleep processes. True or False?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

REM deprivation leads to sexual dysfunction as studied on what two animals?

Answer 26

rats and monkeys

Question 27

There are no objective changes in the sleep of women during different phases of the menstrual cycle. True or False?

Answer 27

True, though women do report subjective sleep differences.

Question 28

Pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in the action of what five hormones?

Answer 28

gonadal steroids
estrogen
progesterone
prolactin
growth hormone

Question 29

The steady rise of progesterone during pregnancy is associated with what sleep changes?

Answer 29

A rise in NREM and a decrease in REM.

Question 30

95% of growth hormone production occurs during what stage of sleep during development of a fetus?

Answer 30

SWS

Question 31

The most consistently reported change in sleep architecture of the elderly is…

Answer 31

a decline in percentage of sleep composed of delta wave indexed-slow wave sleep.

Question 32

True or false. Women experience loss of NREM a decade later than men.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Identify the relevance of several mid-level evolutionary theories for the expression of sleep characteristics across the lifespan.

Answer 33

Parent-Offspring Conflict: the needs of the mother and child are in conflict, meaning the mother is best served by having more offspring, but the infant is best served by having the mother’s full attention.

Life History Theory: life cycle traits are influenced by local ecologic and social context and contribute to reproductive fitness. Sleep changes with whether the individual is using more somatic effort or reproductive effort. Your genetic profile makes a “bet” on your future and your sleep aides in creating what your body believes will be the optimal environment to thrive. If the child has scarce resources, they should “Grow up fast, sleep little and produce as many children as possible.” If they have adequate resources, the body instead “grows up slow, sleep intensely and have one or two kids and live longer.”

Attachment Theory: attachment styles may develop during REM dreaming. Also, it is critical for development of sleep-wake schedules. for example, in secure attachment, the child has adequate resources, and thus sleep will be intense, and night waking and nightmares should be infrequent. Research does support this.

Question 34

Evaluate evidence for the claim that REM sleep is crucial for development.

Answer 34

Developing fetuses spend most of their time in REM sleep, and it continues at 90% of sleep time until the second week after birth.
hypermorphosis imples that during infancy and childhood: 1) sleep cycles become longer and 2) become more intense than other primates and at other stages of life. Because we have more REM sleep than other primates, this suggests that we opted to increase sleep intensity in the form of REM quotas to support longer brain development time.

Sleep is also high during adolescence, which is another extended period in humans when compared to primates.

Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ESK) is essential for plasticity changes in the visual region of the brain, and cannot occur without REM sleep.

REM deprivation inhibits appropriate synaptic pruning, leading to an overall decrease in plasticity of the brain.

Question 35

describe the significance of changes in proportion to REM and NREM sleep states across the lifespan.

Answer 35

REM sleep is important to development, but continues to occupy a portion of our sleep for our entire lives.

NREM peaks at age 4, the traditional weaning age, and gradually lowers across the lifespan until it disappears completely with old age. NREM is bound to the homeostatic nature of the sleep cycle, so seeing less NREM may be a consequence of the SCN breaking down.

Question 36

Identify the impact of sleep on longevity.

Answer 36

Too much and too little sleep are associated with short telomeres, which are related to aging. Longer telomeres are considered to help slow the aging process. Therefore, an adequate amount of sleep is necessary to longevity.

Question 37

What is the significance of the differences in sleep patterns in children with insecure attachment orientations as opposed to children with secure attachment orientations.

Answer 37

Children with secure attachment and insecure avoidant wake less throughout the night and sleep more intensely.

Children with insecure anxious attachment wake more often and are more emotional when separated from parents. Their sleep is less intense.

Question 38

What is the significance of the differences in sleep patterns in adults with insecure attachment orientations as opposed to adults with secure attachment orientations.

Answer 38

Based on the mother-infant attachment style, we carry over those effects into adulthood and they can affect our relationships with others, and because most adults sleep with their significant other, that can also affect our sleep patterns.

Question 39

Why does proportion of slow wave sleep/total sleep decline with age?

Answer 39

Environmental factors like menopause or health concerns keep older persons awake. Also, the SCN signalling is not as strong as the body breaks down with age.

Question 40

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence for social influences on sleep across the lifespan?

Answer 40

Sleep is universal but the expression is different in different cultures. Social relationships can dictate how sleep is seen, for example, co-sleeping is culturally based and can impact sleep.

Also, during development, the sleep cycle is affected by various social constraints, including whether they share a room, whether they use technology, what their school schedule is, and what their attachment style is can all affect sleep quality, which can then affect social relationships.