McNamara Ch. 4 Flashcards
Describe N1
drowsy state transitional from wake to sleep
Describe N2
light sleep stage with characteristic electrophysiological signals called sleep spindles and k-complexes
Describe N3
deep sleep state characterized by slow wave forms and abundant delta activity
delta power during sleep and engagement of the frontal lobe regions during wake indicate a single function of sleep. True or False?
False. Sleep is multifunctional.
what is the span of hertz for alpha waves?
8-12 Hz
what is the span for theta waves?
4-8 Hz
what is the range of sleep spindles?
7-14 Hz
where do sleep spindles propagate?
in thalamocortical networks, as well as exerting strong depolarizing effects on projection targets in the neocortex
what is the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP)?
periodic activation patterns that occurs every twenty to forty seconds with input-associated alternations of activation dubbed A (A) events and then generalized background periods (B) against which A events occur.
Distinguish A1, A2, and A3 in CAP.
A1= k-complexes and slow wave groups with little autonomic and muscle changes but with signs of high homeostatic pressure. A2= combo of A1 and A3 A3= traditional arousal pattern with desynchronized fast activity, increased autonomic signs and increases in muscle tone.
Where are A1 and A3 located in the brain?
A1= anterior frontal prevalence A3= prevalence over parieto-occipital areas
Describe the span of Hertz in A1 and A3.
A1= 0.25-2.5 Hz A3= 7-12 Hz
What is the span of delta waves?
0.5-4.5 Hz
Sleep spindle activity’s depolarizing effects facilitate release of what?
an influx of Ca(2+) ions into pyramidal neurons. This is a well recognized trigger for plastic events that potentiate synaptic activity
Ca(2+) ions trigger an upregulation of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. This leads to phosphorylation of new post-synaptic plasticity related protein receptors. True or False?
True
Long term potentiation (LTP) is an electrophysiological neuronal marker for memory and learning. Therefore, what is important for sleep-related memory and learning capacities?
sleep spindles
A reduction in sleep spindle activity is associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including these four mentioned in Ch. 4.
Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and dementia with Lew bodies.
Topographic EEG analysis of N2 electrophysiologic events in humans reveals…
two different types of spindles. One slow in the central-frontal region and one faster type in the parietal regions.
Which type of sleep spindle is more affected by aging, sleep deprivation and pharmacologic agents?
the slow frontal type
the power density of Delta waves during N3 sleep is negatively correlated with blood flow in what brain area?
most of the social brain
During the first N3 period in adults, what hormone is released?
Growth Hormone
Name the other hormone homeostatically associated with regulating release of Growth Hormone.
somatostatin
True or False: studies have shown that NREM slow wave sleep is important acquisition and consolidation of certain types of new memories into long term memory stores.
True
True or False. The percentage of total N3 slow wave sleep is high in children, then slowly goes away as we age.
True
What is Fatal Familia Insomnia (FFI)?
extremely rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease controlled by a mutation of the prion protein gene (PRNP).
What are the characteristics of a patient with FFI?
loss of NREM sleep and disruption of REM that lead to death within a year of diagnosis in most individuals.
What are the tonic aspects of REM sleep?
processes that occur more or less constantly
include desyncronized EEG, sexual activation and antonia of the antigravity muscles.
What are the phasic aspects of REM sleep?
those that occur intermittently
include: bursts of REM, myoclonic twitches of the facial and limb muscle groups, increased variability in heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system discharges.
NREM is made up before REM. True or False?
True
the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus help to initiate REM by…
action of REM-on cells.
Neurons in the extended VLPO are promote REM via GABAergic inhibition of nearby hypothalamic ad thalamic arousal systems. True or False?
True
cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental (LTD) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei initiates REM once inhibition is lifted. that inhibition comes from…
noradrenergic (NA) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons in the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively.
REM expression is regulated by aminergic cell groups inhibiting expression of REM and cholinergic groups promoting expression of REM. True or False?
True
what is the Default Mode Network?
the brain regions that are activated when someone is at rest and daydreaming.
what seven brain regions are involved in the Default Mode Network?
posterior cingulate praecuneus retrosplenial cortex inferior parietal superior temporal hippocampal formation medial prefrontal cortex
The DMN contains two important subsystems. They are…
one centered on the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus (stimulation system)
the other centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (self-referential system)
True or False. The self-referential system displays more stability during REM than the simulation system.
False. Reverse them for the truth.
describe the Reward Activation Model (RAM) of sleep.
dopamine bursting activity within the ventral tegmental area is elevated during REM. this is the process that occurs during wake when we process social stimuli that carries reward value.
what are the characteristics of REM dreams that distinguish it from NREM dreams?
more intense, more story-like, more aggressive, more emotional and contain vivid visual detail, unpleasant emotions and occasional bizarre and improbable events.
True or False. you don’t pant or sweat during REM.
True
True or False. There is no evidence suggesting that heart attacks occur more frequently during the last stage of REM sleep.
False.
REM Behavior Disorder is associated with destruction of cells responsible for REM paralysis. This leads to what behavior in humans?
dream enactment behaviors.
We dream in NREM, but have no atonia or paralysis. Why?
The best guess is that dreams in NREM do not require paralysis because they are different in nature, though scientists do not all agree on this.
Sexual activation in REM occurs in both genders and across age groups, including infants, and is not linked to sexual arousal caused by dreams. True or False.
True
Do scientists agree on what causes sexual activation during REM?
No.
True or False. REM deprivation early in life is associated with later impairment in sexual functions in the adult, as shown in the rat and monkey.
True
What six aspects of REM suggest it is risky for one’s health?
PGO waves activation of the amygdala ANS storms cardiovascular instabilities respiratory impairment thermoregulatory relapses
the three measures of sleep architecture that predict mortality are:
sleep latencies of greater than thirty minutes
poor sleep efficiency
unusually high or low percentage of REM sleep
