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Sleep and Dreams Psychology > McNamara Ch. 4 > Flashcards

McNamara Ch. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe N1

A

drowsy state transitional from wake to sleep

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2
Q

Describe N2

A

light sleep stage with characteristic electrophysiological signals called sleep spindles and k-complexes

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3
Q

Describe N3

A

deep sleep state characterized by slow wave forms and abundant delta activity

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4
Q

delta power during sleep and engagement of the frontal lobe regions during wake indicate a single function of sleep. True or False?

A

False. Sleep is multifunctional.

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5
Q

what is the span of hertz for alpha waves?

A

8-12 Hz

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6
Q

what is the span for theta waves?

A

4-8 Hz

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7
Q

what is the range of sleep spindles?

A

7-14 Hz

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8
Q

where do sleep spindles propagate?

A

in thalamocortical networks, as well as exerting strong depolarizing effects on projection targets in the neocortex

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9
Q

what is the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP)?

A

periodic activation patterns that occurs every twenty to forty seconds with input-associated alternations of activation dubbed A (A) events and then generalized background periods (B) against which A events occur.

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10
Q

Distinguish A1, A2, and A3 in CAP.

A 
A1= k-complexes and slow wave groups with little autonomic and muscle changes but with signs of high homeostatic pressure.
A2= combo of A1 and A3
A3= traditional arousal pattern with desynchronized fast activity, increased autonomic signs and increases in muscle tone.
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11
Q

Where are A1 and A3 located in the brain?

A 
A1= anterior frontal prevalence
A3= prevalence over parieto-occipital areas
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12
Q

Describe the span of Hertz in A1 and A3.

A 
A1= 0.25-2.5 Hz
A3= 7-12 Hz
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13
Q

What is the span of delta waves?

A

0.5-4.5 Hz

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14
Q

Sleep spindle activity’s depolarizing effects facilitate release of what?

A

an influx of Ca(2+) ions into pyramidal neurons. This is a well recognized trigger for plastic events that potentiate synaptic activity

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15
Q

Ca(2+) ions trigger an upregulation of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. This leads to phosphorylation of new post-synaptic plasticity related protein receptors. True or False?

A

True

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16
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP) is an electrophysiological neuronal marker for memory and learning. Therefore, what is important for sleep-related memory and learning capacities?

A

sleep spindles

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17
Q

A reduction in sleep spindle activity is associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including these four mentioned in Ch. 4.

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and dementia with Lew bodies.

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18
Q

Topographic EEG analysis of N2 electrophysiologic events in humans reveals…

A

two different types of spindles. One slow in the central-frontal region and one faster type in the parietal regions.

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19
Q

Which type of sleep spindle is more affected by aging, sleep deprivation and pharmacologic agents?

A

the slow frontal type

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20
Q

the power density of Delta waves during N3 sleep is negatively correlated with blood flow in what brain area?

A

most of the social brain

21
Q

During the first N3 period in adults, what hormone is released?

A

Growth Hormone

22
Q

Name the other hormone homeostatically associated with regulating release of Growth Hormone.

A

somatostatin

23
Q

True or False: studies have shown that NREM slow wave sleep is important acquisition and consolidation of certain types of new memories into long term memory stores.

A

True

24
Q

True or False. The percentage of total N3 slow wave sleep is high in children, then slowly goes away as we age.

A

True

25
Q

What is Fatal Familia Insomnia (FFI)?

A

extremely rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease controlled by a mutation of the prion protein gene (PRNP).

26
Q

What are the characteristics of a patient with FFI?

A

loss of NREM sleep and disruption of REM that lead to death within a year of diagnosis in most individuals.

27
Q

What are the tonic aspects of REM sleep?

A

processes that occur more or less constantly

include desyncronized EEG, sexual activation and antonia of the antigravity muscles.

28
Q

What are the phasic aspects of REM sleep?

A

those that occur intermittently
include: bursts of REM, myoclonic twitches of the facial and limb muscle groups, increased variability in heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system discharges.

29
Q

NREM is made up before REM. True or False?

A

True

30
Q

the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus help to initiate REM by…

A

action of REM-on cells.

31
Q

Neurons in the extended VLPO are promote REM via GABAergic inhibition of nearby hypothalamic ad thalamic arousal systems. True or False?

A

True

32
Q

cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental (LTD) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei initiates REM once inhibition is lifted. that inhibition comes from…

A

noradrenergic (NA) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons in the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively.

33
Q

REM expression is regulated by aminergic cell groups inhibiting expression of REM and cholinergic groups promoting expression of REM. True or False?

A

True

34
Q

what is the Default Mode Network?

A

the brain regions that are activated when someone is at rest and daydreaming.

35
Q

what seven brain regions are involved in the Default Mode Network?

A 
posterior cingulate
praecuneus
retrosplenial cortex
inferior parietal
superior temporal
hippocampal formation
medial prefrontal cortex
36
Q

The DMN contains two important subsystems. They are…

A

one centered on the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus (stimulation system)
the other centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (self-referential system)

37
Q

True or False. The self-referential system displays more stability during REM than the simulation system.

A

False. Reverse them for the truth.

38
Q

describe the Reward Activation Model (RAM) of sleep.

A

dopamine bursting activity within the ventral tegmental area is elevated during REM. this is the process that occurs during wake when we process social stimuli that carries reward value.

39
Q

what are the characteristics of REM dreams that distinguish it from NREM dreams?

A

more intense, more story-like, more aggressive, more emotional and contain vivid visual detail, unpleasant emotions and occasional bizarre and improbable events.

40
Q

True or False. you don’t pant or sweat during REM.

A

True

41
Q

True or False. There is no evidence suggesting that heart attacks occur more frequently during the last stage of REM sleep.

A

False.

42
Q

REM Behavior Disorder is associated with destruction of cells responsible for REM paralysis. This leads to what behavior in humans?

A

dream enactment behaviors.

43
Q

We dream in NREM, but have no atonia or paralysis. Why?

A

The best guess is that dreams in NREM do not require paralysis because they are different in nature, though scientists do not all agree on this.

44
Q

Sexual activation in REM occurs in both genders and across age groups, including infants, and is not linked to sexual arousal caused by dreams. True or False.

A

True

45
Q

Do scientists agree on what causes sexual activation during REM?

A

No.

46
Q

True or False. REM deprivation early in life is associated with later impairment in sexual functions in the adult, as shown in the rat and monkey.

A

True

47
Q

What six aspects of REM suggest it is risky for one’s health?

A 
PGO waves
activation of the amygdala
ANS storms
cardiovascular instabilities
respiratory impairment 
thermoregulatory relapses
48
Q

the three measures of sleep architecture that predict mortality are:

A

sleep latencies of greater than thirty minutes
poor sleep efficiency
unusually high or low percentage of REM sleep

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