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MBG*2040 > MBG Part Two: Lecture 8 > Flashcards

MBG Part Two: Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Gene?

A

In the nucleotide sequence of the DNA

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2
Q

What is mRNA transcript?

A

The RNA copy of the template DNA strand of the gene

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3
Q

What is a protein?

A

The purpose of translation: to decode the mRNA and make the functional protein produce of the gene.

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4
Q

In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

Where does mRNA translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What did Beadle and Tatum discover?

A

In the 1930s through genetic analysis of nutritional mutants in the fungus Neurospora, these researchers discovered that one gene encoded one discrete polypeptide.

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7
Q

What did Charles Yanofsky and Colleagues discover?

A

In the 1960s through mutational/biochemical analysis, they discovered that the sequence of nucleotide triplets in the trap gene fo E.coli corresponded to the sequence of amino acids in the TrpA protein.

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8
Q

What is the coding region of Prokaryote gene like?

A

Uninterrupted

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9
Q

What is the coding region of Eukaryote gene like?

A

Typical intron interrupted eukaryotic gene.

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10
Q

What re proteins made up of?

A

Polypeptides

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11
Q

What do amino acids have?

A

An N terminal, C terminal and a side group

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12
Q

What are the bonds that join amino acids together?

A

Peptide Bonds

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13
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Its sequence of amino acids

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14
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Amino Acids cause the primary structure to fold into the secondary structure, such as an alpha helix or Beta Pleated Sheet

(Spatial Organization)

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15
Q

What is there tertiary structure?

A

The secondary structure can fold further into a tertiary structure

(Overall Folding)

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16
Q

What is the Quarternary Structure?

A

Two or more polypeptide chains may associate to create a quarternary structure.

(Several Intermediates of polypeptide chain to make functional protein)

17
Q

What is the Triplet Code?

A

4^3 = 64 Codons

4 Nitrogenous Bases
3 Codons

Sufficient for the Synthesis of 20 amino acids

18
Q

What is the genetic code composed of?

A

Nucleotide Triplets

19
Q

Out of the 64 triplets, how many specify amino acids and how many specify stop codons?

A

61 specify specific amino acids

3 specify stop codons

20
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA

UAG

UGA

21
Q

What is the genetic code considered to be?

A

Degenerate (some amino acids are specified by more than one codon)

22
Q

Which two amino acids are specified by only one codon?

A

Methionine (AUG) and Tryptophan (UGG)

23
Q

To account for degeneracy, what did Francis Crick predict?

A

That several tRNAs must exist for certain amino acids, and that some tRNAs must recognize more then one codon.

24
Q

Why is there degeneracy (more than one codon for some amino acids) in the genetic code?

A

Base-pairing between mRNA codons and aminoacyl tRNAs is “anti-parallel” but there is flexibility in binding at the 3rd codon position (1st anti-codon position)

25
Q

What is the 3rd codon position known as?

A

The Wobble Position.

26
Q

What is an example of degeneracy?

A

The codons UCC and UCU both specify serine (there is a change of the nucleotide in the wobble position)

27
Q

What can happen to tRNAs at the nucleotide level?

A

They can be post transcriptionally modified and the nucleotides can be substituted for different nucleotide derivatives.

28
Q

What is inosine?

A

A adenine/guanine derivative

29
Q

What can inosine base pair with?

A

C,U, A giving the tRNA a lot of flexibility in terms of pairing partners.

30
Q

What is the Wobble Hypothesis?

A

Non-standard pairings could take place at the 3rd position of a codon.

31
Q

What kind of chemical bond holds adjacent amino acids together?

A

Peptide Bonds

MBG*2040 (26 decks)

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