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The Making of Modern China Added Info > May Essay > Flashcards

May Essay Flashcards

1
Q

What did Qing do to growth

A

Qing hindered growth, due to Cixi’s reactionary stance

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2
Q

Who did promote growth if it wasn’t the Qing

A

Li Honghzhang and Shen Xuanhuai promoted growth through the Self-Strengthening Movement

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3
Q

What did SSM allow?

A

Industrial development though the Tianjin Arsenal, Fuzhou shipyards and establishment of coal mines

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4
Q

What did the SSM set the foundations for?

A

economic growth to occur later in the time period

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5
Q

Example that SSM set the foundations

A

The work of Sheng Xuanhuai in founding a modern banking system in the 1890s

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6
Q

What did SSM promote?

A

The importance of economic growth for the protection of China’s international position following defeat in the Opium Wars

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7
Q

Who encouraged the growth of a modern financial and commercial infrastructure in China

A

Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong

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8
Q

What did Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong encourage?

A

The growth of a modern financial and commercial infrastructure in China

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9
Q

What was established which drove growth?

A

mines and factories, the formation of the first joint stock company in China, the building of railways

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10
Q

What was the movement confined to

A

largely confined to the coastal cities

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11
Q

Issue with the SSM as an ideology

A

not far reaching and faced opposition from the court ensuring their influence was challenged and limited

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12
Q

What did the movement encourage

A

use of western scientific ideas and the employment of western technologists and engineers for the first time in China

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13
Q

Subject of para 2 with date

A

Ideology of the May the Fourth Movement in 1919

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14
Q

How did 4MM differ from previous calls for economic reform?

A

Calls like the Self-Strengthening Movement, had been limited by need to work within China’s traditions which this movement rejected

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15
Q

What did 4MM encourage

A

students to go abroad to study modern scientific, industrial and economic thought and to consider the emergence of Japan as a template for China’s future.

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16
Q

What did 4MM adopt and give examples

A

Adopted western ideas such as mass literacy, women’s liberation

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17
Q

Who drove growth in 4MM

A

Western nations with their innovative ideas which inspired the Chinese
But it was the Chinese themselves who sought the growth

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18
Q

What did 4MM influence the development of

A

communism in China and hence the economic policies followed by Mao

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19
Q

Issue with Mao

A

Hindered economic growth through his failed Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution

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20
Q

Why did 4MM restrict growth?

A

largely a movement of intellectuals and students confined to China’s largest cities

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21
Q

What was 4MM ideology heavily rooted in

A

Self-Strengthening Movement which was driven by Chinese political leaders

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22
Q

Subject of 3rd para with date, who drove growth and who held it back

A

In Maoist China from 1949-1976 it was the USSR who drove economic growth in China and instead the Chinese political leader, Mao, held China back.

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23
Q

What did the USSR enable with date?

A

The First 5 Year Plan 1952-57 to take place

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24
Q

How did the USSR enable the First 5 Year Plan 1952-57 to take place

A

Sino-Soviet treaty in 1950 brought 10,000 advisors, technology and loans

25
Q

What did Soviet support make Mao do?

A

Initially follow the Soviet model of communism from 1949

26
Q

What did the F5YP develop?

A

heavy industry as coal, steel, trucks, chemicals all exceeded their targets

27
Q

What was constructed under F5YP and what did this enable

A

Almost 600 new industrial plants enabling electric power production to triple and steel to quadruple

28
Q

What was China’s annual growth rate under F5YP

A

Over 9%

29
Q

How did Mao contribute to the plan

A

Accepting Soviet support and slashing defence and administration budgets to pay for economic development

30
Q

Issue with F5YP

A

China became highly dependant on the USSR

31
Q

What has to be paid for and what was this not a sign of

A

Over 150 factories and 10,000 Soviet experts had to be paid for by raiding peasant savings and requisitioning food which is not a sign of economic growth

32
Q

How did Chinese political leaders hold back the Chinese economy

A

Mao and the failure of the Great Leap Forward which was a rejection of the Soviet model

33
Q

What did Mao preside over

A

A massive fall in inflation in the years 1949-51 through expenditure cuts, tax rises and currency reform which boosted economic growth

34
Q

Why was Mao not entirely negative

A

the Great Leap Forward mobilised the whole of the country in an effort to modernise

35
Q

Other benefits of Great Leap Forward

A

Some sectors saw initial growth while works to encourage irrigation had long-term economic benefits

36
Q

What did Mao prioritise and what did this lead to?

A

Put idealism and ideology before practical economic considerations with the speed and manner of collectivisation led to a fall in agricultural production and contributed to eventual famine

37
Q

What did Mao do to develop trade?

A

made steps towards a better relationship with Nixon in 1972

38
Q

Subject of para 4 with date

A

Deng Xiaoping created a superpower from 1979

39
Q

What did Deng initiate, when and what happened

A

Deng initiated a visit to the USA in 1979 and signed trade contracts with the US and reached agreements on scientific and technological exchange

40
Q

What happened with the US China trade

A

USA in a trade deficit to China in 1985

41
Q

Deng and IMF

A

Deng’s compliance with the IMF rebalanced the economy in 1980

42
Q

Deng and World Bank

A

The World Bank disconnected business from state control and more efficient taxation

43
Q

China was a what centre, give fact with date

A

Was a manufacturing centre with $10billion to $24billion worth of exports 1978 to 1985

44
Q

Trade increase and why

A

Deng’s partnerships with other groups like the EU and Japan meant trade increased from $1b to $7b in 1978-1985

45
Q

Deng’s growth through multiple sectors

A

four modernisations in agriculture, industrialisation, defence and science and technology

46
Q

Impact of 4 modernisations

A

saw an improvement of living standards and urbanisation allowing a mobilisation of workers

47
Q

Economic growth rate under four modernisations

A

9.6%

48
Q

Issue with Deng’s policies

A

lower wages due to devalued currency and a growing gap between rich and poor but these negatives did not prevent a driver of economic growth.

49
Q

What did Deng introduce

A

special economic zones in 1980 and the town and village enterprises in 1984.

50
Q

What did Deng create and not compromise

A

growth whilst not fully comprising Chinese communist economy through a free market economy controlled by the state

51
Q

What were Deng’s reforms influenced by?

A

western ideas and relied on scientific and technological knowledge from abroad but Deng is the one who implemented them

52
Q

How did Soong give confidence to domestic savers and foreign investors?

A

Regulation of the banking system and creation of the Chinese Development Finance Cooperation

53
Q

What was Soong instrumental in the creation of?

A

A number of national bodies that channelled capital to business in the promotion of economic growth in China

54
Q

When was the China Development Finance Corporation set up?

A

1934

55
Q

How did Soong boost government revenue?

A

Anti-corruption and tax avoidance programmes and was able to balance the budget giving further confidence to business investors

56
Q

Was Soong’s influence big?

A

. Brief only lasting from 1928-33
. His measures did not noticeably improve the performance of China’s economy and rates of growth were not significant

57
Q

What was Soong unable to tackle?

A

Corruption within the government, underdevelopment of education and extortionate military spending

58
Q

What happened to the economy under the GMD?

A

Stunted with low wages, strikes due to poor safety and little revenue through taxes like Corporation tax

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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