Booklet 4 My Notes 1958-1969 Flashcards
At the end of WW2 who liberated the north?
The Russians
At the end of WW2 who liberated the south and east?
The allies
What did Russia do with Manchuria
Hand it over to the Red Army (CCP)
When was the Chinese Civil War
1946-49
Briefly summarise the Civil War?
. GMD launched an attack to free Manchuria
. Mao used peasant support and guerrilla tactics to wear down the NRA
. Chiang lost Manchuria by November 1948
. Chiang fled to Taiwan December 1949
When was the PRC established?
1st October 1949
How many members did the CCP have at inception
5.8 million
What agreement was made between China and the USSR in the Korean War
Sino-Soviet Treat of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance 1950
What was the growth rate during the First Five Year Plan
9%
What did the PLA have the largest of…
Army by 1957
When did Stalin die and who replaced him
1953 - Khrushchev
What happened after Stalin died?
Revolts in Eastern Europe in 1956
What and when was the 100 flowers campaign?
1957 - purge on academics
What campaign happened in 1957?
100 flowers campaign
When was the Great Leap Forward?
1958-1962
People’s communes
. Large agricultural units
. Public health and education
. High targets to support urban industrial workers
How did china feel towards USSR before 1958?
. Distrusted them as they preyed on China’s vulnerability for territory
. Stalin rejected Mao’s version of a peasant based movement
. PRC needed economic support and the USSR gave it
How many advisors did the USSR give to China to become communist?
15,000
When was Khrushchev’s secret speech?
1956
What was Khrushchev’s secret speech
. Start of the split between the USSR and China
. Savaged Stalin’s rule as despotic and criticised the systematic purges that decimated the UUSR CP
. Process of de-stalinisation began to restyle communist ruler
. Attack the ‘cult of personality ‘of Stalin
Where was the secret speech delivered?
. To the 20th Congress of the Communist Party
What did Mao believe the USSR was attempting to do?
Impose unequal agreements like before
Why did the Secret Speech anger the Chinese?
. Mao rejected de-Stalinisation and peaceful coexistence
. The cult personality could be applied to Mao who portrayed himself as the spearhead and inspiration of Chinese communism - challenged to Mao’s rule
. Speech issued without consulting the Chinese - Mao was sensitive to political developments in other countries
What did Khrushchev reject and believe about socialism?
Khrushchev rejected worldwide revolution and believe socialism would peacefully coexist with capitalism - Mao claimed this was a betrayal of communism
What were the 3 Russian demands in 1958
. Joint Pacific Naval fleet
. Long wave radio station in China
. Repairs in ports
Why did the joint naval Pacific fleet upset Mao?
. Mao rejected a fleet headed by Soviet officers due to China’s history with China
. Mao thought Khrushchev was trying to violate Chinese sovereignty
Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the joint naval Pacific fleet?
. USSR acting like imperial power
. Khrushchev wanted Soviet Officers to contro the fleet
. Khrushchev took advantage - wanted Soviet soldiers to have leave on Chinese territory
Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the joint naval Pacific fleet?
. Mao over reacted - staged a tantrum
. Khrushchev was supervised by Mao’s reaction
Why did the Longwave Radio station in China upset Mao?
. Mao felt patronised and wanted to show the world he was capable of
. Khrushchev wanted a long wave radio station based in China to control Russia’s Pacific fleet
Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the Longwave Radio station?
. Khrushchev had been stalling in giving China the technology and technicians to develop military strength
. USSR did not understand why China was so angry with them
Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the Longwave Radio station?
. Mao over reacted and saw this as an example of great power chauvinism
. Mao is paranoid and stubborn
Why did the repairs in ports upset Mao?
. Mao believed great powers only helped others to help themselves
. USSR did not view China as an equal
Why was Khrushchev to blame for tensions from the repairs in ports?
Russia’s actions were a contemporary variant of the unequal treaties
Why was Mao to blame for tensions from the repairs in ports?
Mao interpreted Soviet demands as Khrushchev not trusting him with nuclear weapons
When was the Taiwan Crisis?
1958
What caused the Taiwan Crisis?
. Chiang and GMD fled to Taiwan after the Civil War
. Mao wanted to test the USSR and USA
. Mao wanted to reunite it with the mainland under communism
What did Mao believe it was China’s destiny to do?
To take over Taiwan and reunite it with the mainland under communist rule
What was the US’ relationship with Taiwan?
. USA has supported Taiwan since 1949 and recognised it as the legitimate government of China
. Promised to use its navy to defend Taiwan
What did Mao worry about Taiwan?
Mao feared the Taiwanese islands of Quemoy and Matsu, close to the Chinese mainland, could be used as springboards for a GMD invasion of mainland
What did Mao order in 1958?
A bombardment of the islands
What had Khrushchev publicly warned Eisenhower?
An attack on the PRC constituted an attack on the USSR but in private discussions with the CCP he rendered caution
What was the USSR afraid of regarding Taiwan?
Afraid of a local conflict escalating into global war and the USA appeared willing to uphold Taiwanese sovereignty
How did tensions ease?
Mao decided to back down
How did Mao view Khrushchev during the Taiwan crisis?
As a traitor and a coward for not supporting China more strongly
How did Khrushchev view Mao during the Taiwan crisis?
. As a rash maverick whose ideas were not grounded in political reality
. His blasé attitude towards nuclear war was a threat
. Irresponsible, hot headed and unaware of the practical effects of his revolutionary ideas
What did Mao accuse Khrushchev of?
Revisionism as evidenced by Khrushchev’s lukewarm support for Mao’s bombing of the islands
What did Mao accuse the Russians of in the crisis?
Wanting to control China
What did Mao reject from the USSR?
Joint a joint naval Pacific fleet
What was Mao looking to engineer through Taiwan?
An occasion to test the promise of USSR assistance
What did Mao want to test regarding the USA?
To see how far they would go
What did Mao consider himself to be?
The rightful leader of world communism and intellectually superior Marxist to Khrushchev
What is China’s warped perception of Mao?
He was 70% good and 30% bad
What happened in 1955?
Khrushchev’s revisionism and Yugoslavia
When was Khrushchev’s revisionism and Yugoslavia?
1955
What happened with Yugoslavia in 1955
. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia were terminated by Stalin due to their cooperation with the west
. Mao believed Stalin was justified in excluding Yugoslavia and favoured a hard line against those who deviated from revolutionary principles
. Khrushchev’s reconciliation was consistent with peaceful coexistence
What happened in 1958?
Chinese Great Leap Forward (second 5 year economic plan)
When was the Chinese Great Leap Forward?
1958
What was the Chinese Great Leap Forward?
. Mao begrudged the patronising attitude of the USSR that there was no alternative to the Soviet’s methods
. Mao thought the plan would better fit the needs of China and supported ideas advocated by Stalin and later discredited by Soviet leadership
. USSR criticised China for deviating from the Soviet model
Chinese collectivisation/communes
. Mao supported Stalin’s idea of communes and this was a basis for Khrushchev’s accusation that Mao had a poor understanding of communism
. A commune is a community where everything is shared like childcare
. Chinese communes consisted of 4000-20,000 households by 1962 there were more than 50,000 communes in China
What was held in 1959?
Lushan Conference
When was the Lushan Conference?
1959
Who was Peng Dehuai?
. Peng was a veteran revolutionary and minister for defence who toured the PRC in 1959
. He saw the faults of the Great Leap Forward
What happened at the Lushan Conference in 1959?
. A meeting of senior CCP officials was held in Lushan to discuss the progress of the Great Leap Forward
. Peng put his concerns to Mao who was furious accusing Peng of attacking his leadership
. Peng was dismissed
What were the rumours about Peng?
Peng shared concerns with the Society and Khrushchev wanted him as leader
What did the Soviets do in 1960?
Withdrew economic assistance from China
When did the Soviets withdraw economic assistance from China?
1960
Explain the Soviet withdrawal of economic assistance from China
. Factories set up by the Soviet’s expertise were closed and joint projects were discontinued as the problems with the Great Leap Forward intensified
. Next logical step in chain of events
. Soviets hurriedly left China taking blueprints with them
What did the CCP release in 1961?
Little Red Book
When was the CCP’s Little Red Book published
1961
What was the CCP’s Little Red Book
. Mao’s followers collected his speeches in the Little Red Book
. Compilation of Mao’s speeches on 33 topics intended as the blueprint for how the Chinese people should live
. Compulsory reading for PLA
. Included in curriculum of Chinese schools
. Symbol of attack on revisionism
What was exchanged between Mao and Khrushchev in 1961?
Insults - Old Boot (Mao about Khrushchev) and Asian Hitler (Khrushchev about Mao)
When did Mao and Khrushchev exchange insults?
1961
What did Mao call Khrushchev and what did this mean?
A redundant ‘old boot’ that should be disposed of and forgotten about
What did Khrushchev call Mao and what did this mean?
At a Soviet Union Communist Party Congress in 1961 Khrushchev called Mao an ‘Asian Hitler’ and a living corpse
What were the main Soviet criticisms of China? 4 points
. Chinese communism varied from traditional Soviet template
. Khrushchev was angry Mao rejected his demands in 1958
. Khrushchev felt Mao was irresponsible and hot headed
. Mao kept pushing for nukes
How did Khrushchev thing Mao was naive?
Mao believed the USSR and PRC’s combined populations outnumbered the USA and gave them the tools to destroy capitalism
What were the main CCP criticisms of the USSR? (7 points)
. Peaceful coexistence
. Great power chauvinism
. Khrushchev’s demands of 1958
. Mao accused Khrushchev of being a revisionist and a traitor
. Khrushchev’s reluctance to support the Taiwan bombing
. Reluctance to supply nukes
. Claimed Soviet advisors were spies
How many emigrated to USSR from 1961-62?
Approximately 70,000 left China
When did people leave Xinjiang?
1961-62
Why did people leave Xinjiang?
. Russian influence in Xinjiang had existed since the early 20th century
. In 1961 at the end of the famine, non ethnic Chinese in the Muslim dominated region left for the USSR
How did the emigration to the USSR cause tension between China and the Soviets
. CCP accused the USSR of attempting to detach Xinjiang from the PRC
. Mao felt the future of the PRC was at risk and this confirmed his fears
When was the Sino-Indian War?
1962
What war happened in 1962?
Sino-Indian War
Causes of Tibetan Opposition
Tibet suffered the worst of the famine resulting from the Great Leap Forward and the unrest was suppressed in 1950
How did China respond to the Tibetan Opposition?
. The horrors inflicted on the Tibetans, recognised in the west as genocide, attracted worldwide condemnation
. PLA suppressed uprisings and protesters were arrested, imprisoned and leader executed
Why did India get involve with Tibet?
. India felt uneasy with the number of hostile Chinese troops on its eastern border
. Indian troops were overpowered and China claimed disputed areas before ceasing military action
How did the Sino-India war cause. Tension between China and the USSR?
. China expected full Soviet support as India was not a communist ally and China was fighting to revise the Chinese border set by Britain - the foremost imperial exploiter
. Khrushchev criticised Chinese impotence in handling Tibet
. Khrushchev through hostilities were stupid and remained neutral in war
What did the Dalia Lama do?
Escaped to India in 1959
Who fled to India in 1959?
The Dalai Lama
Who did Khrushchev meet with in 1959?
Eisenhower
When did Khrushchev meet with Eisenhower?
1959
Why did Khrushchev meet with Eisenhower?
Khrushchev did not want to to antagonise the USA by supporting China when the west was a known supporter of Tibet
What did Khrushchev do to India?
Supplied them with fighter planes
Who led Albania?
Stalinist hardliner Enver Hoxha
Similarities between Albania and China
. Albanian communist party had grown increasingly distant from the USSR following the Secret Speech
. Like Mao, the Albanians took offence to Khrushchev’s attack on Stalin
. The USSR withdrew financial assistance and Mao extended financial support to Albania.
Why did Mao want to help Albania?
. Mao wanted to assert Chia’s credentials internationally
. Mao hoped fledging communist nations would follow China’s lead rather than USSR
. Gave Mao a foothold in Eastern Europe and a platform to criticise the USSR
Knock on international impact of the Sino-Albanian alliance?
. Presented USSR as a rival to the USSR in the leadership of world communism
. Only significant in short term but strained Sino-Soviet relations
Mao in South America and Africa
. Mao’s promotion of self reliance and permanent peasant based revolution found favour in South America and Africa
. China pledged generous aid packages and inspiration to the developing world
When was the Cuban missile crisis
October 1962
What crisis occurred in October 1962?
Cuban missile crisis
Why would the Cuban missile crisis upset China?
. Mao believed nuclear was inevitable and desirable whereas Khrushchev did not want to start WWIII
. Mao though Khrushchev was a coward for recalling the missiles
. Khrushchev gave Cuba missiles not Mao
How did Khrushchev believe communism could be achieved?
Through a class struggle
What treaty was signed in 1963?
The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
When was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?
1963
What was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963?
. In 1963 the USA, USSR and UK signed the treaty agreeing to cease ground nuclear teases and slow down the expansion of nuclear weapons
. Clause in treaty to prevent countries without nuclear weapons from getting them
Why did the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 upset China?
Mao accused the USSR of protecting its own nuclear deterrent whilst preventing China from developing the same capacity
What happened in 1964?
The PRC detonated its first atomic device
When did the PRC detonated its first atomic device?
1964
What was the Soviet view on nuclear conflict?
. Soviets will not be the first to use nuclear weapons
. Believed revolution would come from workers
What was Mao’s view on nuclear conflict?
. A new world could be built from the ruins of the old one
. Mao would be prepared to see half the world’s population die - Khrushchev did not want to see the casualty levels of WWII
What is genocide?
Intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group
What did Tibet have the highest of?
Death rate in the Great Famine 1959-62 (1 million - 25% of population).
What Campaign did the Chinese lance against Tibet and when?
Reunification Campaign 1950+
How did the Tibetans respond the the Reunification Campaign?
60,000 Tibetan resistance fighters defeated in 6 months
What was Tibet forcibly….
Incorporated into PRC
What did the PRC do to wipe out the social, cultural and religious identity of Tibet?
Reign of Terror - 1951
What was the Reign of Terror?
To wipe out social, cultural and religious identity of Tibet.
How did Tibet respond to the Reign of Terror?
Tibetan underground resistance movement organised demonstrations in 1959
What did China do to Tibet in 1959?
The famine, already in Shandong, knowingly extended to Tibet by forcibly introducing failing Chinese agricultural policies.
Who was Panchen Lama?
He took a secret Tibetan tour in 1960-62
What did Panchen Lama’s report find?
. 20% of each village was in jail and half of those died in jail due to poor conditions
. Detailed horrors of famine
What happened to Panchen Lama?
Mao arrested him
Who and when replaced Khrushchev?
Leonid Brezhnev in 1964
Why was Krushchev replaced?
Economic instability in the USSR encouraged leaders to organise a coup
How long did Brezhnev rule for?
Until his death in 1982
When was the Malinovsky affair?
1964
What incident occurred in 1964?
Malinovsky affair
What was the Malinovsky affair?
USSR Defence Secretary, drunkenly said ‘We have removed our fool Khrushchev, you should follow by deposing your fool, Mao’.
What did Mao think the Malinovsky affair was?
The start of a USSR backed anti-Mao coup
What was Mao sensitive to?
How easily Khrushchev had been ousted which could then happen to him
What was Mao increasingly growing?
Paranoid that his leadership was under threat
Why did Mao believe the USSR would support?
A coup because Zhou Enlai said the drink allowed Malinovsky to speak his mind freely that the USSR wanted him out
When was the Cultural Revolution?
1966-76
What happened between 1966-76
The Cultural Revolution
What caused the Cultural Revolution (5 causes)
. Mao’s Comeback after failure of Great Leap Forward
. Destroy threats of coup
. Re establish communism and erase any capitalism following the famine]
. Remove undesirables
. Establish cult of Mao
Who participated in the CU;rural Revolution?
. Red Guards
. Politicised teenagers
. Students
What was the aim of the Cultural Revolution?
To purge Chinese society of traditional and capitalist elements
What did Mao want to destroy in the Cultural Revolution?
Old Chinese culture, habitats, customers and purge the CCP of revisionism
How old was Mao when the Cultural Revolution started and what did he want to ensure?
73 - he wanted to ensure its purity would continue after his death
What areas were targeted in the Cultural Revolution?
All areas of society, government departments ceased to function and the economy suffered
Who did Mao target in the Cultural Revolution?
Alleged Soviet sympathisers, capitalists and bureaucrats within the CPP
What did the Red Guards remove during the Cultural Revolution?
The Beijing road which the Soviet embassy was located
What did the Soviets and China do in 1967?
Recall their ambassadors
When did China and the Soviets recall their ambassadors?
1967
What had China become by 1966
5th nuclear power
What had the USSR developed by 1968?
The Brezhnev doctrine
When had the Brezhnev doctrine been developed?
1968
What did the the Brezhnev doctrine state?
The USSR would forcefully intervene in the domestic affairs of any east European communist nation shoul any threat to socialism be at large
What could the Brezhnev doctrine be used as justification for?
The Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968
Why did Mao oppose the Brezhnev doctrine?
. Mao did not want the USSR to set a precedent for intervening in the domestic affairs of other communist nations
. Could be used against the PRC
What did the Brezhnev doctrine threaten?
Mao’s position of power within the PRC
What was the impact of the Cultural Revolution on Sino-Soviet relations?
. Saw the split widen to the extent that war seemed likely
. Brink of nuclear war
What did the USSR think about the Cultural Revolution
They condemned the anarchy of it
What did Lin Biao want in 1969?
The post of presidency of the government to be written into the constitution
How did Mao react to Lin’s demands?
Irritated by them and thought Lin wanted the post himself and was manipulating the political situation to his own ends
Where did fighting with the USSR errupt and when?
An island in the Ussuri River in March 1969
What did Lin begin to plan and when?
A coup for early 1971
When did Lin plan a coup?
1971
What did Lin try to do on September 13th 1971
Flee to the USSR but their plane crashed in Mongolia killing all on board
Who vied to be Mao’s successor
The Gang of Four
Why was there a sense of urgency to find a new leader?
Mao had Parkinson’s and Zhou Enlai had cancer
Who did Mao choose to replace Zhou Enlai?
Deng Xiaping
When Zhou Enlai did die who did Mao replace him with>
Hua Guofeng, not Deng
What did people do for Zhou when he died?
Left millions of wreaths at Tian’anmen Square
How did the Gang of Four react to the wreath laying for Zhou?
Thought the masses were saying that Deng should be his successor
What happened to the wreaths for Zhou?
Police removed them and violence broke out
Why did Cultural Revolution end in October 1976?
. Mao died on September 9th 1976 and to his supporters his death symbolised the loss of the revolutionary foundation of communist China
. Gang of Four were arrested in October and found guilty - 2 sentenced to death
Chen Yun’s summary of Mao
. If Mao had died in 1956 there would have been not doubt that he was the great leader of China
. Had he died in 1966 his achievements would have been somewhat tarnished but his overall record was very good
. Since he died in 1976 there is nothing we can do about it
What closed and how many did this impact?
All schools and colleges closed - 130 million students stopped attending school
How many young people moved to the countryside from 1967-72?
12 million
What happened to the population in the Cultural Revolution?
Population doubled from 1953-76
What did people attack in the Cultural Revolution?
Foreign embassies - Soviet embassy surrounded
What became a crime against the government
Owning private property
What were Chinese prisons called?
Gulags
How many prison camps were across China by 1976 and how many prisoners a year
. 10 million prisoners/year
. 10,000 camps across China
What % had a degree in the Cultural Revolution?
Less than 1%
What % had an education past 12 in the Cultural Revolution?
Only 35%
How many historical sites were destroyed in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution
4922
Where were there tensions between the Soviets and China?
Western border
What was the border like between China and the USSR?
Contentious and dated back to the unequal treaties - China wanted their land back
What weapons did the USSR have by 1961 and what did this increase to in 1968?
. 1961 - 12 divisions, 200 aeroplanes
. 1968 - 25 divisions, 1200 aeroplanes and 120 medium range missiles
From 1964-69 how many border incidents were there?
4189
What did the Brezhnev Doctrine increase the chance of?
Soviet military intervention in the PRC should these events continue
What did the frantically charged atmosphere of the Cultural Revolution do to china against the Soviet Union?
Emboldened them
Did Mao want war?
No - he was aware that China could not match the USSR militarily
Did the USSR want war?
No - wanted to maintain a communist block and a diplomatic approach prevailed
What happened at the end of the border conflicts?
Kosygin and Zhou reached an agreement and both sides withdrew their troops
What factors caused the split? (8 factors)
. Personality
. Ideology
. Nuclear
. Border disputes
. Great Leap Forward
. Nationalist
. De-Stalinisation
. Brezhnev Doctrine
