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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 1 My Notes 1860-1870 > Flashcards

Booklet 1 My Notes 1860-1870 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the Manchu people

A

Minority racial group from north east China

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2
Q

Which racial group is the majority?

A

Han

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3
Q

When did the Qing Dynasty rule from and to?

A

1644-1911

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4
Q

Role of the emperor

A

. Sons of heaven
. Lived in the Forbidden City

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5
Q

Banner armies

A

Local gentry led armies that were divided under 8 banners and were expected to fight for the emperor when called on

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6
Q

Tributary states

A

. Looked to China for trade and security
. States included Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, Burma and Nepal

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7
Q

Was was the system of law?

A

Hierarchal system - most serious crimes are against the imperial household or government

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8
Q

How were most crimes punished?

A

Flogging/beatings

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9
Q

How were the most serious crimes punished?

A

Death or exile

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10
Q

Who was exempt from corporal punishment

A

Scholars and royalty

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11
Q

Subsistence farmer

A

Growing crops and raising livestock sufficient for one’s own use without any surplus for trade

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12
Q

Canton system

A

Foreigners were restricted trade to 13 officials in Canton, no private trade was permitted and trade had to be made through this port

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13
Q

Tael

A

A silver coin or small bar used in trade, China had official currency until 1933

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14
Q

Where do most of the population live?

A

Along the Yellow and Yangtze River or in the growing coastal cities like Shanghai meaning the population had access to water for drinking, cooking and cleaning

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15
Q

How long is the Yangtze?

A

1,400 miles

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16
Q

X% of the world’s farmland supported x% of the world’s population - what does this represent?

A

7% of the world’s farmland supported 20% of the world’s population which represents the efficiency of the farmland

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17
Q

What was there little demand for in China?

A

Foreign goods so foreigners had to buy Chinese goods with silver

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18
Q

Negatives of Canton system

A

. Kept mainland China cut off from the rest of the world
. Hard to get foreign products into the country

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19
Q

Positives of the Canton system

A

Kept trade stable and regulated

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20
Q

What was banned by the government in 1800?

A

Foreign import and domestic opium

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21
Q

What was banned in 1813?

A

Opium smoking

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22
Q

When was opium smoking banned?

A

1813

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23
Q

What products was China interested in buying from Britain?

A

Opium and cotton

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24
Q

How many Chinese addicts of opium were there by 1820

A

1 million

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25
Q

What % of Chinese were subsistence farmers

A

80-90%

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26
Q

What did they farm in the north?

A

Cotton, fruit and soya beans

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27
Q

What did they farm in the south?

A

Rice, tea, sugar cane

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28
Q

More books produced in…….

A

Chinese than any other language

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29
Q

When did China build their first canal compared to Britain

A

7th century, Britain built their first canal in 1769

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30
Q

4 reasons why foreigners find relations with China difficult

A

. No special considerations for ‘aliens’ under law
. Canton system
. Foreign traders mistrusted and Emperor had no interest in developing diplomatic ties
. Trade with neighbour states for centuries

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31
Q

Why did Japan stop trade with China

A

Could not accept Chinese superiority

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32
Q

How was tension between foreigners and China caused by Catholics?

A

. Missionaries moving in
. Missionaries opened schools teaching politics and the western language

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33
Q

How was tension between foreigners and China caused by Europeans?

A

. Europeans were eager for Chinese decor and goods
. European philosophers exposed Chinese society

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34
Q

How was tension between foreigners and China caused by China?

A

. Law was enacted which sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Christianity
. Bible was translated in 1807 but could only operate under imperial supervision
. British, USA and French missionaries lost popularity as anti foreign feeling grew

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35
Q

What were the four problems facing China in the 1790s?

A

. Growth of luxury in cities
. Spread of corruption in local governments
. Uncontrolled population growth
. Problems with suppressing rebels

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36
Q

What age did Gong believe China was in in the 1800s

A

Age of chaos

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37
Q

Why were there few foreigners in China from 1790-1815

A

. Napoleonic wars left Britain and France few resources to expand
. No other enemies of China were powerful at the time

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38
Q

Consoo fund

A

Mutual guarantee system where each major Hong Kong merchant paid 10% of his trading profits to be used as a cushion in an emergency - by 1810 payments to Qing gov out of the fund reach 1m taels a year

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39
Q

Was it the East India Company or private traders that used Opium to encourage trade?

A

British private merchants not the East India Company which was sanctioned by the British Crown

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40
Q

How did the imperial government try to stop opium trade in the 1830s?

A

. Emphasised health dangers
. Organised five men mutual responsibility towns

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41
Q

Who did Lin Zexu write to to stop opium trade?

A

Queen Victoria

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42
Q

What occurred between the British and Chinese in September and October 1839 and where?

A

Clashes in Hong Kong harbour

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43
Q

First opium war in 1840 in 5 stages

A

. Britain wanted to extend trade into China
. Europe dispatched 16 warships, 4 newly armed steamers and 4000 troops
. June 1842 British captured Shanghai and halted traffic on the Grand Canal
. China could not match Europe, used monkeys, and lost - had to pay compensation
. Hong Kong transferred to British crown

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44
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Nanjing (5 terms)

A

. Peace and friendship between Britain and China
. Opening of 5 cities for British use e.g. Shanghai
. $6 million paid by Qing, further payment of $12 mill
. Abolition of Canton
. Release of British prisoners

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45
Q

Why did the British win the first Opium War

A

. Innovations in technology
. Emergence of steam ships
. 16 war ships
. 400 troops

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46
Q

Positives of Opium War for China

A

. Lin ordered scholars to find information on western nations
. China developed new technology to match the west

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47
Q

What was article 8?

A

. Any privileges to foreign countries must be extended to British subjects

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48
Q

How much was the silk trade worth in the 1850s?

A

$20 million

49
Q

Long term causes of first Opium war

A

. China rejected permanent representation in Beijing by a British diplomat
. Trade limited to Canton

50
Q

Short term causes of first Opium war

A

. In 1838 the Emperor prohibited the trade of opium
. 8 million pounds of raw opium were seized in 1838
. 3-5% of population were addicts

51
Q

What were the European strengths in the Opium War?

A

. 16 warships, 4 newly armed steamers, 4000 troops
. British captured Shanghai in 1842

52
Q

What were the Chinese weakness in the Opium War?

A

. War junkies could not match armed steamers and cannons
. Monkeys armed with primitive bombs were encouraged to hop onto British ships
. Backward technology

53
Q

Short term results of the Opium War

A

. China agreed to pay compensation
. In 1855 437 foreign ships entered the port

54
Q

Long term results of the Opium War

A

. No Canton system
. 5 cities open to British e.g. Shanghai
. Hong Kong transferred to British crown
. In 1844 the French and Americans dictated new treaties

55
Q

When was the second Anglo-Chinese War?

A

1856-60

56
Q

What were the long term causes of the second Opium war?

A

. British tried to extend commercial access
. Issue of piracy and law and order
. Original demand for permanent ambassador not met

57
Q

What were the short term causes of the second Opium war?

A

. Arrow incident
. Emperor was told he was to receive an ambassador and to stop calling the British Yi

58
Q

What were the European strengths in the second Opium War?

A

. British reinforced by French
. Emperor’s summer palace burnt down
. Attacked Daguerre forts
. British took Canton, Shanghai and moved towards Tianjin

59
Q

What were the Chinese weaknesses in the second Opium War?

A

. Emperor used hunting as an excuse to retreat - Cixi ruled as concubine
. Military not modernised
. Emperor elide on banner armies

60
Q

Short term results of the second Opium War

A

. China received nothing
. Opened up more parts for trade
. Allowed missions
. Legalised opium imports
. 10 treaty ports
. Extraterritoriality
. Ambassadors in Beijing

61
Q

Long term results of the second Opium War

A

. Establishment of Chinese foreign ministry - Zongi Yamen
. By the 1860s foreign influence increased
. Schools teaching foreign languages opened
. Tongrenguan - Interpreters college

62
Q

When was the Tianjin Massacre

A

June 1870

63
Q

What started the Tianjin Massacre?

A

Rumours spread throughout China concerning Catholic church activities

64
Q

What was is believed that missionaries did to the Chinese for medicine?

A

Removed their eyes

65
Q

What happened throughout 1870 at these orphanages and why?

A

Deaths increased due to outbreaks of disease

66
Q

What did the Chinese believe about baptism and why?

A

Baptism was often given specifically to those likely to die led to the impression a Christian baptism directly resulted in death.

67
Q

What happened on June 18th 1870?

A

Three Chinese kidnappers were arrested outside Tianjin

68
Q

When were three Chinese kidnappers were arrested outside Tianjin?

A

June 18

69
Q

What happened to the kidnappers and what did one of them claim?

A

The two eldest were executed almost immediately
. The youngest– aged 19– claimed in public to have sold at least 10 children to the staff and guards of a nearby Catholic orphanage for $6 each

70
Q

What happened outside the cathedral when Chinese officials met with the French?

A

An angry anti-Catholic crowd gathered outside the Cathedral and smashed windows

71
Q

What did the French Consul do?

A

Visited the magistrate’s official quarters to lodge angry criticisms

72
Q

What do French and Chinese historians agree that happen?

A

A container shot a Chinese assistant dead after an agreement with the magistrate

73
Q

Who was murdered by rioters with their bodies dumped in the rivers?

A

The French Consul and his assistant

74
Q

How did the riot end?

A

After a number of Catholic institutions and foreign buildings, including the Tientsin Cathedral and four British and American churches, were burned down

75
Q

Who else was killed apart from the French Consular officials?

A

Two Lazarist priests, approximately 40 Chinese Christians were killed and three Russian traders assumed by the mob to be French

76
Q

What was the final death toll of the riot

A

60

77
Q

What happened to the nuns during the riot?

A

Ten nuns of the Daughters of Charity were raped and mutilated by the crowd before being killed.

78
Q

What restored order at Tianjin

A

Foreign gunboats

79
Q

Who led Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage?

A

Zheng Guofan

80
Q

What did Zheng do?

A

Had eighteen Chinese instigators (scapegoats) executed and removed both the magistrate and much of his staff.

81
Q

How did China apologise to France?

A

. A Chinese mission of apology sailed to France, under Imperial Commissioner Chung How
. A formal apology was presented to the provisional French Head of State Adolphe Thiers in November 1871

82
Q

What was the impact of the Tianjin Incident

A

Far-reaching politically and culturally

83
Q

What did the French and Americans refuse to allow China?

A

Chinese control and protection over the spread of Christianity in the country

84
Q

How did the Qing react to the French and American refusal?

A

The Qing government replied in turn by refusing to either proscribe or endorse foreign missionaries.

85
Q

What did the fact Europeans and missionaries continue to remain elite and not face serious repercussions mean for China?

A

Directly led to anti-foreign feeling which led to the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.

86
Q

What did the foreigners symbolise and ruin in Tianjin

A

. Symbolised oppression
. Ruined Feng Shui by building cathedrals

87
Q

How did self-strengthening benefit China?

A

. Learning foreign languages like French and English which helped international diplomacy
. Construction of factories like Fuzhou navy yard

88
Q

What was Prince Gong responsible for and when?

A

In 1862 he set up the first foreign language school in Beijing - school of combined learning

89
Q

Who set up the first foreign language school in Beijing?

A

Prince Gong

90
Q

Where did the school of combined learning spread to?

A

Guangzhou and Shanghai

91
Q

What was the immediate impact of foreign language schools?

A

Introduced organised western learning to China

92
Q

What was the issue with the school of combined learning?

A

Small scale - never educated more than 200 students at one time

93
Q

What was the other school that was set up helping industry and politics?

A

Jiangnan arsenal school which taught western maths and sciences

94
Q

Name a factory which was constructed

A

Fuzhou navy yard

95
Q

How many worked at the Fuzhou shipyard?

A

. 2000 workers
. Administrative staff of 150

96
Q

What did they do at the Fuzhou shipyard?

A

Produced ships and had a naval academy for cadet training

97
Q

For how long had China been engaged in domestic rebellion?

A

Since 1850

98
Q

Ever Victorious army

A

Britain, France and USA became allies of the Qing and created a foreign army to fight on their behalf

99
Q

What did the Ever Victorious army do to help the Qing?

A

Led a successful defence of Shanghai during the Taiping attack in August 1860

100
Q

How many men did the Ever Victorious Army have?

A

5000

101
Q

Benefits of the Treaty of Tianjin

A

. Opened up ports allowing trade
. 4 ports of Yangtze allowing foreign trade to spread inland

102
Q

What was the impact of raw cotton imports

A

Textile mills established in major Chinese cities

103
Q

Who did foreign trade benefit and not benefit?

A

. Did not help peasants who were too poor to buy industrial goods
. Created new commercial class - comparators

104
Q

Comparators

A

. China’s firs entrepreneurs
. Knowledge of trade routes and foreign firms could have established routes
. Allowed ideas to spread

105
Q

How did missions benefit China?

A

. Challenged Confucian thinking
. Minorities, women and poor were better treated
. Helped education
. Provided refuge

106
Q

By the turn of the century how many Chinese had converted to protestantism

A

700,000

107
Q

Protestant school

A

. Taught a rounded secular curriculum including science, maths, English and Chinese to take up positions in treaty ports
. Western texts translated

108
Q

How did missions benefit China socially?

A

. Provided famine relief and refuge for opium addicts
. Challenged subservience of women

109
Q

How did increasing foreign intervention benefit China in the years 1860-1870? (6 points)

A

. Reduced isolation
. Exposed how backward the nation was
. Self-strengthening
. Created stability in country
. Increased trade with other nations
. Missions which challenged Confucianism

110
Q

What was the Tianjin the location of?

A

The place of the humiliating 1860 treaty

111
Q

What did Zongli Yamen authorise in 1866 - was it successful?

A

A delegation to undertake a fact finding mission across Europe - unsuccessful as their attention was drawn to tall buildings rather than European democracy

112
Q

When did Zongli Yamen authorise a fact finding mission across Europe?

A

1866

113
Q

Extraterritoriality

A

Country is tried under their own laws rather than Chinese

114
Q

What did British authorities set a fixed tariff of?

A

5%

115
Q

How did the low fixed tariff exploit China?

A

Failed to protect Chinese industry as it encouraged mass importation of British goods but these goods were better quality

116
Q

Where was British investment focussed?

A

Treaty ports and along Yangtze so inland China did not develop

117
Q

What was established in 1865?

A

The Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation

118
Q

When was the Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation established?

A

1865

119
Q

How did increasing foreign intervention not benefit China in the years 1860-1870? (3 points)

A

. Caused unreasonable as they rejected western ideas
. Exploitation of money and resources
. Economic western influence confined to treaty ports

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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