Booklet 5 My Notes 1978-97 Flashcards
Who does Mao meet in 1972?
Nixon
When did Mao meet Nixon?
1972
Why did Mao meet with Nixon?
. China wants the USA’s tech
. USA want cheap labour/product from China
. Ping pong diplomacy
. America removed troops from Vietnam
. China wanted to undermine USSR
. Each country was still guarded
Who did Mao want to be his successor?
Hua Guofeng
What 3 groups emerged after Mao’s death?
. PLA (Lin Biao)
. Jiang Qing (Gang of Four)
. Bureaucracy (Zhou Enlai)
Who was Hua Guofeng?
. CCP
. PRC
. Prominent Maoist
Who was Deng Xiaoping?
. Not a Maoist
. People don’t fully trust him
What did Hua do to the Gang of Four?
Have them arrested for the Cultural Revolution
Deng vs Hua
. Deng will usurp Hua
. Deng is a lot more experienced, has held positions before
Why didn’t the moderates want Hua?
Don’t want a Maoist who was associated with the Cultural Revolution
What was Deng’s track record like?
. Contacts with the military
. Proven success after saving the economy following the Great Famine
What did Deng want to do to China?
Wants to fully industrialise, develop defence, develop agriculture and reform education after the brain drain
How many permanent members are their in the UN Security Council and who are they?
5 - France, Britain, USSR, USA and China (originally it was nationalist China)
How many non-permanent seats are on the UN Security Council?
10 non-permanent seats
How are the non-permanent seats distributed?
A regional basis as follows:
. 5 for African and Asian States
. 1 for Eastern European States
. 2 for the Latin American and Caribbean States
. 2 for Western European and other States
When was the UN Security Council founded?
1946
What does each permanent member have?
A veto power or can abstain on a vote
What did the USA convince to council to do?
Recognise the PRC not China in 1971
How many diplomatic relations did China have in 1970 vs 1989
. 1970 - 57 countries
. 1989 - had increased to 137
How did joining the UN Council help trade?
. No diplomatic or economic sanctions after Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
. Importance as an international trade partner protected its standing and settled its domestic issues without western interference
How did joining the UN Council help agriculture?
Agriculture modernised as is was previously medieval based practices susceptible to famine
How did joining the UN Council help defence?
Peace relations and fostered international relations
What were the benefits of China joining the UN Council? (5 points)
. Power to veto
. Equal footing with other permanent UN states
. Only Asian and non-western country to be a permanent member
. Modernise China’s domestic economy by acquiring advanced technology
. Secured improved relation with west, leader of 3rd world and criticise USSR
What were the negatives of China joining the UN Council?
USA, UK and Britain are capitalist - betrayal of communist principles as some capitalist policies were adopted in China
What did China block in the 1980s?
An American secretary general and chose someone from Tanzania
What did China vote against in the 1980s?
The Soviets invaded Afghanistan and China voted against the Soviets
What did China vote on in 1990?
China voted with the UN in supporting military intervention in Iraq, the World Bank released a loan of US$114.3 million
What did China face after the Tiananamen protest from the UN?
China accepted the atrocities but faced no sanctions due to their role in the UN
What % of the votes did China abstain from in the 1970s?
52% - way to not make any enemies or disrupt relations
What % of the votes did China abstain from in the 1980s?
6% they were more confident and had picked their friends
What did China drop its opposition to?
Peacekeeping missions viewing it as a pretext for US ambitions to further international influence
When was the Tiananmen Square Protest?
June 5th 1989
What were Deng’s four cardinal principle?
- The principle of upholding the communist regime
- The principle of upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship
- The principle of upholding the leadership of the CCP
- The principle of upholding Mao Zedong thought and Marxism-Leninism
Why was Deng against western democracy?
. Unwilling to comprehend the misery of the common people
. Deng described the struggle for democratic rights as the action’s of troublemakers who must be repressed
. China was too big and diverse and education levels were too low
What is democratic centralism?
Combines democracy which allows for free and open discussion and central control which ensures party unity and discussion
Who participated in the Tiananmen Square Protest?
. Students - universities
. Workers
. Wei Jingshen -author (15 years in prison)
What caused the Tiananmen Square Protest?
. Lack of democracy
. Reform the social system
. Frustration with Mao, Gang of Four and Cultural Revolution
Who wrote an essay which inspired the Tiananmen Square Protest?
Wei Jingsheng
What did Wei Jingsheng’s essay call out?
. Deng in saying the 5th modernisation is needed - democracy
. Accused Deng of not understanding the common people
What happened to China’s economy in 1989?
It slumped
How did the Tiananmen Square Protest start?
. In Beijing by students demanding democracy, freedom and rule of law
. Thousands of students poured into the city
Who was there a frequent clash between in Tiananmen Square Protest?
Police and protestors
What did the CCP hierarchy accuse the protest of being?
Anti-communist, foreign inspired and keen to weaken China
What did student protestors hope to achieve?
Modernisations applied to the economy would lead to similar political liberalisations
By May how many demonstrators had joined the protests at Tiananmen and who else joined?
. More the a million
. Workers joined
What did Deng do to the protest?
. Sent the PLC to disperse the crowds
. Within days the PLC forcibly ended the protest
What were casualty rates at the Tiananmen Square Protest
Thousands
Why did Deng end the protests?
The USSR leader came to visit China
When did Deng send the PLA in to disperse crowds?
June
How many soldiers were sent to the square to put down the protest and what happened?
350,000 soldiers sent to the square which turned into a 2 day massacre with 200 deaths
How did international media respond to Deng’s handling of the protest?
Condemned the CCP for the human rights abuse
How did the protests spread?
To other countries
How did China’s status change internationally after the protest?
Did not change with no diplomatic isolation and no economic sanctions
After the protest what did America do to China?
Decide to no longer sell China weapons
What does IMF stand for?
International Monetary Fund
When was the IMF founded
As part of the UN in 1944
Why was the IMF initially created?
To prevent events such as the Great Depression of the 1930
How many govern and are accountable for the IMF?
189 countries
What is the IMF’s aim?
. To Encourage global monetary cooperation
. Create financial stability - main role
. Facilitate trade
. Promote high employment
. Reduce world poverty
What does the IMF do?
Provides loans to member countries that can show policies in place to correct underlying financial problems
When was the World Bank created
1944
How many members of the World Bank are there?
What is the official goal of the World Bank?
The reduction of poverty but its decisions are guided by a commitment to promoting foreign investment and international trade
What does the World Bank do?
Offers loans for development projects such as Food Security Programme as well as poverty reduction strategies
When did the IMF support Deng and why
In 1981 to rebalance the economy and achieve stability by making standby loans available
What did China learn through contact with the IMF?
How international economic systems operated
Under IMF supervision what poured into China?
Foreign investment
In what ways did the IMF encourage reform? (4 ways)
. Decentralisation in China: decision-making was no longer the exclusive preserve of the state
. Less direct government involvement
. Acceptance of free market values such as controlling money supply and interest rates
. Changing the taxation system and extending foreign trade and loans.
What did China open itself to?
Western economics, and foreign investment came with training and education
What did China do in 1986?
Increased interest rates and devalued the currency on the advice of the IMF
What did IMF membership mean for Chinese economic policy?
It became more transparent
Who had a more pronounced effect on China?
The World Bank
In 1980 what did the World Bank agree to?
5 development loans
When did the World Bank agree to 5 development loans?
1980
What were the 5 loans for?
. Education
. Increase capacity for containerise freight
. 2 for agriculture
. Enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses
What was the $200 million loan for?
Education loan to improve university facilities for science and engineering
How much was the education loan to improve university facilities for science and engineering?
$200 million
What was the $125 million loan for?
To increase capacity for containerised freight in harbours at Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou
How much was the loan to increase capacity for containerised freight in harbours at Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou?
$125 million
What was the $60 million loan for?
To improve drainage and irrigation in Shandong, Anhui and Henan
How much was the loans to improve drainage and irrigation in Shandong, Anhui and Henan?
$60 million
What was the $75 million loan for?
To develop agricultural education and research
How much was the loan to develop agricultural education and research?
$75 million
What was the $70 million loan for?
To enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses
How much was the loan to enable the China Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to small and medium light-industrial businesses?
$70 million
Apart from the development loans what else did the World Bank agree to fund?
Chinese industrialisation indirectly by arranging loans to the China Investment Bank
From 1980-1997 how many loans did the World Bank issue to China totalling how much?
192 loans totalling $30 billion
What project and when did the World Bank launch with China?
The Lubuge Hydroelectric Project in 1984
What was the Lubuge Hydroelectric Project in 1984?
First Chinese project to introduce international competitive bidding for civil work
What did China consent to from the World Bank?
A World Bank report - a full and frank assessment of China’s economy since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949
What did the World Bank Report praise?
. The provision of health care and education
. The mild redistribution of wealth
. Rapid economic and industrial growth
What did the World Bank Report criticis?
. Past errors
. Concluded that the shortfalls of Maoist economics had slowed progress
. There was insufficient emphasis on raising living standards
What did the publication of the World Bank report enable the World Bank to do?
Influence macro rather than microeconomics
Apart from the loans what else did the World Bank contribute?
. Cost-benefit analysis and appraisal
. Competitive bidding
. Environmental assessment became common.
. Use of modern technologies in grain handling and power generation.
When did the first of the agreed loans go ahead and which one was it?
1981 - the education loan
What did the education loan focus on?
Focused on science, computer science and engineering departments at leading Chinese higher- education institutions
What was the education loan’s aim?
To raise the standard and volume of Chinese graduates
How was the education loan spent?
. Purchasing books and equipment to improve laboratories and testing centres
. Developing and equipping computer centres
What did the World Bank demand regarding the loans?
20% of all loans had to be spent on training purposes - so China pulled back from previous commitments
What did China want to spend the entire education loan on?
Equipment
Of the proposed loans how many materialised instantly and which ones?
Only the US$60 million agricultural loan
What did China do in 1982?
Resumed activities with the World Bank and the projects went ahead
What perception did the World Bank shift?
Of state-run industries and succeeded in disconnecting business and the state
What did the World Bank do after Tiananmen Square in 1989?
Sent a mission to discuss how economic modernisation could be sustained at a time of domestic political discord
What did China become in the early 1990s?
The World Bank’s largest borrower
Over time where did ventures locate?
Inland from the initial coastal sites
What did the CCP embark on a programme of reform to create?
A socialist market economy
China defined the goals and the methods of its economic transformation: (4 points)
. To concentrate on fiscal reform
. To modernise the function of state-owned enterprises and to privatise all but the largest companies
. To establish a universal foreign exchange rate
. To enable banking reform with the creation of three state-owned banks to subsidise and support state-directed programmes
What was Deng told to set up?
A ministry of finance and state finance commissions with constant reviews - 5 year plans are too long
What did the IMF encourage?
Less direct government investment
When did the Chinese secure diplomatic relations with the EEC?
1975
Who did the Chinese secure diplomatic with in 1975?
EEC
Why did China support the EEC?
Economically it simplified trade, and politically it was a barrier against any westward extension of Soviet influence
What did the PRC do with the EEC in 1978?
Sign an agreement
When did the PRC sign an agreement with the EEC?
1978
What did the agreement between the PRC and EEC concern itself with?
Trade and economic co-operation, particularly the textile trade
How did the alliance between China and the EEC develop?
Continued and extended in 1985 by a new agreement
What did the EEC do after the Tiananmen protest?
Imposed an arms embargo that lasted beyond 1997 but this did not have a knock effect on trade
How much did trade grow between the EEC and China?
Bilateral trade had trebled to $45.6 billion by 1995 from $14.3 billion
What did the EU become to China?
China’s largest trade partner and China was the EU’s second-largest partner after the USA
Which trading nations were of most strategic importance to China?
Neighbouring South-East Asian nations as well as the USA and Japan
Why was south-east Asia an ideal trading partner to China?
. It’s close proximity
. Large number of ethnic Chinese, making cultural and trade assimilation achievable
What would China mirror in it’s relations with south-east Asia?
It’s former hierarchy when these countries used to pay tribute to China
What did China do to improve regional relationships?
Soften its stance on worldwide revolution
What did China support the creation of?
ZOPFRAN
What does ZOPFRAN stand for?
Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality
What were China’s secondary aims in south-east Asia
. Boost its economic ties
. Reducing the involvement of the USSR and the USA
What did China hope to block in south east Asia?
The USSR’s ambitions of asserting influence in the region
When did the Vietnam War end?
1975
How did China feel towards Vietnam after the Vietnam War ended?
Felt Vietnam had betrayed years of direct support by seeking closer relations with the USSR
How did China view the USSR in south east Asia?
An obstacle to its own regional objectives
How did hostilities between China and Vietnam culminate?
Vietnam invaded the PRC sponsored Cambodia in 1979
What did the war between Vietnam and China show?
Vietnamese resistance illustrated the outdated nature of China’s military capacity
How did China continue to fight Vietnam after the war?
Supported UN economic sanctions against them
Why did relations between China and Vietnam improve?
. Relations improved in the 1980s between the USSR and China and the Soviets withdrew their support for Vietnam
. Loss of support meant Vietnam had to seek improved relation with China
What did the resolution of the Vietnam issue improve and why?
Relations with Thailand who previously feared Chinese aggression due to their close proximity with Vietnam
Who did China restore diplomatic relations with and trade?
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Burma and Indonesia
What did China’s relationship with Singapore show?
. Changing ties
. In Maoist time Singapore was capitalist and friends with the US
What happened to Singapore under Deng?
It was rehabilitated
What did China urge Africa to do in the 1980s and 1990s?
Urged African compliance with existing global economic frameworks
What increased between China and Africa in the 1990s?
Bilateral trade increased steadily but the limited strength of African enterprises prevented further Chinese investments.
How much did Chine invest in Africa between 1979 and 1990?
Only $51 million
How much did China invest per project in Africa?
$500,000
Why was it in China’s interest to cooperate with Japan?
. Similar culture and close proximity
. Near source of advanced technology
. Could reduce dependence of US and west
. Could get loans and foreign investments
. Avoid other conflicts
Why was it in Japan’s interest to cooperate with China?
. China had a rapidly expanding economy
. Only non-western nation on UN Security Council
. Similar culture and close proximity
. China had a huge population
. Could reduce dependence of US and west
. Avoid other conflicts
What happened between China and Japan in 1972?
Bilateral communiqué
When was the bilateral communiqué?
1972
When did negotiations between Japan and China begin?
1975
What did China and Japan sign in 1978?
Treaty of peace and friendship
When was the Treaty of peace and friendship signed?
1978
What was the Treaty of peace and friendship?
. To develop lasting peace and friendship on a basis of peaceful coexistence
. Any Sino-Japanese dispute would be settled with resorting to threat
. Promoted further economic and cultural cooperation and collaboration
. Neither wanted regional dominance
What did Japan’s proximity offer?
An immediately accessible source of technology and expertise for China
What would Japan get by trading with China?
. Import of crude oil and coal
. Massive Chinese market for exports
What would China get by trading with Japan?
. High end technology
. Industrial plants
. Construction machinery
. Low interest loans
By the 1980s how had China’s exports change?
Move from exporting raw materials to manufactured goods such as textiles, clothing and other labour-intensive products.
What did Japan support in 1980?
China’s entry to the World Bank and IMF,
What was Japan the first country to offer to China?
Biilateral loans with four major assistance packages amounting to US$13 billion to revitalise China’s steel industry
What did the CCP guarantee Japanese firms
Compensation should their firm be nationalised, and that they were to be treated equally to Chinese state-owned enterprises
By the 1990s what was trade like between Japan and Chine?
There was a trade imbalance in bilateral trade in favour of Japan
What did further liberalisation in China enable?
Heavier Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI)
By how much had Japanese FDI grown?
From $2 billion by 1989, Japanese FDI had grown to $10 billion by the mid-1990s
What notable Japanese investment was in Shanghai?
Baoshan steel complex
By 1993 who had China overtaken and in what?
Germany, Taiwan and South Korea to be Japan’s second-largest trade partner after the US
Where did Deng ratify the 1978 agreement?
During a visit to Japan - the first Chinese premier to visit Japan in an official capacity
When did Premier Zhao Ziyang visit Tokyo?
1982?
Who visited Tokyo in 1982?
Premier Zhao Ziyang
What did Premier Zhao Ziyang, on a visit to Tokyo in 1982, declare?
The three principles for continued relations: peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit
What did the General Secretary of the CCP, Hu Yaobang do in 1984?
Added a fourth principle: mutual trust
Who added the fourth principle: mutual trust and when?
The General Secretary of the CCP, Hu Yaobang, in 1983
What happened in 1984 between China and Japan?
A Japanese state visit to China announcing the second loan programme amounting to US$4.3 billion annually for the years 1984–89
When did a Japanese state visit to China announcing the second loan programme happen?
1984
What happened in 1986 between China and Japan?
. A subsequent visit announced a third significant loan
. Loans under this agreement amounted to US$7.5 billion a year
When was the third significant loan announced
1986
What did these diplomatic missions aim to preserve?
Prosperous economic relations and international stability
How did Japan react to Tiananmen Square?
Denounced the CCP’s reaction, Japan wanted to avoid any international re-isolation of China and limited the extent of economic sanctions
What happened in 1992 between China and Japan?
Emperor Hirohito became the first Japanese emperor to visit China
When did Emperor Hirohito became the first Japanese emperor to visit China?
1992
What happened between the USA and China in 1978?
Visit of US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski
When did US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski visit?
1978
When would full diplomatic relations be effective between the USA and China?
From January 1st 1979
What happened between the USA and China on January 1st 1979?
Full diplomatic relations
What remained a sticking point in negotiations between China and USA?
Taiwan
What did the USA do in regard to Taiwan in 1972?
. Nixon travelled to China to meet Mao
. Sent anti-communist Ronald Reagan to Taipei to reassure Chiang of US support
What happened between the USA and China in 1979 when full relations were reached?
Exchange of ambassadors and the establishment of embassies
What did the US do to Taiwan in 1979?
Abrogated the 1954 Mutual Defence Treaty with Taiwan and arranged to withdraw remaining US military personal
What did the USA recognise in 1979?
People’s Republic as the sole legitimate Chinese state and that Taiwan was a part of China
Did the US completely abandon Taiwan?
Maintained unofficial links and pledged not to abandon Taiwan to Chinese aggression and US arms sale to Taiwan persisted
When did Deng visit the USA and for how long?
January 1979 for a 9 day visit
Why was Deng’s visit to the USA in January 1979 significant?
January 1979
What did Deng warn the US during his visit?
Not to trust the USSR
What did the US public think of Deng in his visit?
He wowed them
What did Deng sign on his visit to the US?
Trade contracts with the USA and also reached agreements on cultural as well as scientific and technological exchange
Who visited the US in 1997?
Jiang Zemin
When did Jiang Zemin visit the USA?
1997
What was public opinion in the US of China when Jiang Zemin visited?
Human-rights protests against the Chinese government, particularly in support of Tibetan independence
In 1989 what did the US suspect China of?
Helping to develop the nuclear programmes of rogue nations
What did the US do to China after Tiananmen?
Put in economic and arms sanctions but continued to sell arms to Taiwan
What did Congress allow Taiwan to do and how did the PLA respond?
. Allowed the Taiwanese president to give a speech at Cornell University
. PLA fired missiles near Taiwan
What did the PLA do after firing missiles?
Mobilised in Fujian province across the strait from Taiwan, intimating invasion
When was Taiwan’s first democratic election?
1996
What did the PLA’s mobilisation prompt the USA to do?
Send ships into the Taiwan straight
What did the PLA do when the US sent in their ships?
Backed down
What was the aim of Jiang’s visit?
To allay fears about his leadership and extend Sino-American relations
What did Clinton decide to do in the visit?
Turn a blind eye to PRC’s human rights record due to linked interests
What made China more flexible in negotiations?
When it’s sovereignty was not questioned
What was the impression of Jiang in the visit?
Favourable - good diplomat
How many people were on mainland China compared to Taiwan and why was this important?
900 million compared to 17 milllion - made more sense for US to have better relations with China
Why was the USA vital to China
. American science, technology and capital
What caused the collapse of the Soviet Union?
. Economic stagnation under Brezhnev
. Nuclear arms race depleted resources
. Gorbachev’s reforms inefficient
. Glasnost (democracy)
. Perestroika - free market (not fulfilled)
Raw material imports in 1970s vs 1980s
1970s - steel, iron, textile fibres
1980s - grain, fertiliser
Manufacturing imports in 1970s vs 1980s
1970s - machinery
1980s - chemicals, wood products
Manufacturing exports in 1970s vs 1980s
1970s - cotton fabric
1980s - textiles, clothing
Technology imports in 1970s vs 1980s
1970s - xx
1980s - instruments, military trucks, communication equipment
What did trade increase to from 1978-85?
$1 billion to $7 billion
What status did China have in 1991
Most favoured nation status
What % of households had a tv in 1980 vs 1993
1980 - 1.5%
1993 - 99%
What % of households had a washing machine in 1980 vs 1993
1980 - 1.5%
1993 - 97%
What was the US to China trade value in 1970?
0
What was the US to China trade value for exports and imports in 1990?
US exports - 4800
US imports - around 15000
When was America in a trade deficit with China?
1985
What was Hong Kong like under British rule?
. Leader in trade and manufacturing
. Transport hub
. Property development
. Capitalist economy
. Relied on PRC for raw materials
When did negotiations about Hong Kong start?
1982
Who were negotiations about Hong Kong between?
Thatcher and Major vs Deng and Jiang
What agreement was reached in 1984 between UK and China
Joint agreement
When was the Joint agreement reached?
1984
What did Britain try to do throughout the negotiations?
Britain tried to manipulate the situation so that they did not have to lose Hong Kong
Why did Tatcher feel confident to keep Hong Kong?
In 1983/84 Tatcher felt emboldened by a win to keep the Falkland Islands
What was Britain’s first offer to Hong Kong?
Britain keeps Hong Kong - Deng rejects this flatly
What was Britain’s second offer to Hong Kong?
Hong Kong to Chinese control but Britain to administer - Deng objected
What was Britain’s third offer to Hong Kong?
Hong Kong to become a SAR (Hong Kong can keep some laws, some independent control)
What does SAR stand for?
Special Administrative Region
What was decided in the Joint Agreement?
Hong Kong would become a SAR with a 50 year grace period of transition
Basic law
Safeguard Hong Kong’s economic and political system (as long as there is no threat to the PRC)
When did the PRC pass the Basic Law?
1995
Who tried to reform the Legislative Council?
Chris Patten
What did Chris Patten try to do?
Reform the Legislative Council?
What did Taiwan plan in 1986/87?
Democracy
When did Taiwan plan democracy?
1986/87
What did Britain do to Hong Kong after Tiananmen?
Put in place liberal reform (elections) before 1997 to protect the freedom of the people
How did Deng respond to Britain’s liberal reforms in Hong Kong?
Hong Kong would revert to the 1984 structure (agreed in Joint Declaration)
How did Britain respond to Deng reverting to the 1984 structure?
Britain did not challenge this in 1995 and was not willing to go to war and a $16 billion trade deal was being negotiated between Britain and China, no more Thatcher
What system was Hong Kong under?
One country - two systems
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) is English still taught in schools?
English still taught but many teach manerin
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) Hong Kong membership
Remains an individual member of various international organizations, such as the WTO
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) what does Hong Kong still negotiate?
Its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) how are flights treated between Hong Kong and the mainland?
As international flights
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) visiting other countries?
Hong Kong SAR passport holders have easier access to countries in Europe and North America, while mainland citizens do not
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) Hong Kong political freedom?
More political freedoms than the mainland China
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) driving?
Still drive on the left unlike mainland China
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) military drill?
Marching and words of command in English continues in all disciplinary services
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) statues?
All statues of British monarchs like Queen Victoria and King George remain.
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) chief executive of Hong Kong?
Elected by a selection committee with 1200 members, of pro-Chinese business in Hong Kong.
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) public offices?
Fly the flags of the PRC and the Hong Kong SAR
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) money?
Elizabeth II’s portrait disappeared from banknotes
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) crown?
Legal references to the ‘Crown’ were replaced by references to the ‘State’
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) holidays?
Public holidays changed, with the Queen’s Official Birthday and other British-inspired occasions being replaced by PRC National Day
(Hong Kong change or unchanged) British citizens
No longer able to work in Hong Kong for one year without a visa
