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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 2 My Notes 1894-1901 > Flashcards

Booklet 2 My Notes 1894-1901 Flashcards

1
Q

Who ruled from 1861-75?

A

Tongzhi with mother Cixi and uncle Prince Gong as regents

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2
Q

Who ruled from 1875-1908?

A

Guangxu with auntie Cixi as regent until he was ole enough to rule

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3
Q

What was Cixi like politically?

A

Reactionary and ultra conservative

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4
Q

Zongli Yamen

A

Foreign Office run by Prince Gong

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5
Q

What happened to Prince Gong

A

Removed from power in 1884 after crossing Cixi

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6
Q

Give an an example of a revolutionary group and what did they want?

A

Alliance league (Tongmenghui) who called for the collapse of the Qing and establishment of a republic

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7
Q

How many Treaty Ports by 1900

A

50

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8
Q

What was there an expansion of in the Treaty Ports?

A

Concessions like British, German, French and American

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9
Q

Where did the middle class youth go?

A

Educated abroad and brought back western ideals like democracy, modernisation and socialism

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10
Q

How did the Chinese feel towards ‘foreign devils’?

A

‘Love-hate’

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11
Q

What was the revolution in Japan where they modernised?

A

Meiji restoration

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12
Q

Before the Meiji restoration what was Japan like?

A

Locked away from the outside world

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13
Q

What caused Japan to open up?

A

Four American warships came to open up Japan in 1853 and other nations soon followed

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14
Q

How did Japan initially respond to foreigners?

A

Anti-western

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15
Q

What did Japan later adopt?

A

The slogan of Japanese spirit with western ideas

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16
Q

What was Japan’s view of China for centuries?

A

They were intrigued by China whose culture dominated the Pacific

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17
Q

On their way home from the west what shocked Japan?

A

How foreigners dominated China

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18
Q

What was Meiji a symbol of?

A

A new Japan which would transform itself in 40 years

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19
Q

How did Japan develop?

A

. Electricity, wheels, trains
. Some democracy by taking the Prussian constitution

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20
Q

Industrial Revolution in Europe vs Japan?

A

150 years in Europe vs 40 years in Japan

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21
Q

How did Cixi react to reform?

A

Oppressed reform because it threatened her hold on power and she looked to the nostalgia of China’s past

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22
Q

What did Japan do in 1884 and why?

A

Japan want rice from Korea and access to their markets so they invaded and provoked war with China

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23
Q

Japan’s army vs China’s?

A

Much better trained and equipped than China’s

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24
Q

What did the Japanese do to the Chinese in Korea?

A

Drove China out of Korea pushing onto the mainland

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25
Q

How did Japan now look at China?

A

As figures for fun or ridicule

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26
Q

How was China’s empire crumbling?

A

Russia took Manchuria and Japan dominated Korea

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27
Q

What did Japan do in 1904

A

Launched a surprise attack on Manchuria and crippled the Russian fleet and then declared war

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28
Q

How long had Japan spent mobilising for the conflict with Russia?

A

10 years

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29
Q

Why could Japan modernise more successfully than China?

A

. Geography
. Western interference
. Receptivity
. Leadership

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30
Q

Why did Japan’s geography mean it could modernise more successfully than China?

A

. Their smaller size made it easier for a strong central government to control regional revivals
. China had to put down far off rebellions

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31
Q

Why did Japan’s receptivity mean it could modernise more successfully than China?

A

. China had 2000 years of cultural superiority which was hard to break
. Japan had assimilated outside influences from China and Korea
. Japan borrowed from other cultures

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32
Q

Why did western interference mean it could modernise more successfully than China?

A

. Imperialist powers initially by-passed Japan in favour of the profit in China
. Less impulse to interfere with Japan’s internal affairs than China’s

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33
Q

Why did leadership mean it could modernise more successfully than China?

A

. Importance of Samurai class who were bold, dairying and seized opportunities
. China was led by scholars and the monarchy who did not want to defy their traditions

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34
Q

What did Japan negotiate in 1876?

A

A treaty with Korea which had previously been a subsidiary to China

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35
Q

1876 Japanese and Korean treaty impact?

A

. Caused controversy
. Opened up Korea to foreign trade for the first time
. 3 ports opened to the Japanese

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36
Q

What happened in Korea in 1882?

A

Former leader of Korea led a revolt against Queen Min and Kojong

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37
Q

What did the rebels do in Korea?

A

Burned down the Japanese legation in Seoul and 7 Japanese officers were killed

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38
Q

What did China do to the rebels?

A

Intervened, imprisoned the leader and six battalions of Chinese troops were posted in Korea to prevent a repeat of the uprising.

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39
Q

What happened after the uprising?

A

. Koreans agreed to apologise for the loss of Japanese lives, pay a fine and allowed the Japanese to post troops at their Seoul legation
. Japanese began to prepare for war with Korea or with China

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40
Q

What happened in 1884

A

During a clash with the French, the Chinese withdrew three of the six battalions which encouraged a pro-Japanese revolt

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41
Q

What happened after the 1884 revolt?

A

. For a short period King Kojong led a pro-Japanese, anti-Chinese government
. The remaining Chinese battalions in Korea quickly overthrew this new government

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42
Q

What was the aftermath of the 1884 revolt?

A

Japan and China signed a new treaty in which they agreed to withdraw all troops from Korea and give the other government notice if they needed to send them back - Treaty of Tianjin

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43
Q

What was Japanese public opinion like in the aftermath of these disturbances?

A

. Supported further intervention in Korea
. Tied in with expansionist mood in Japan

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44
Q

Why did tension rise again in 1894?

A

. In March the pro-Japanese Korean leader Kim Ok-kyn was assassinated in Shanghai
. The Japanese secret societies began to agitate for war

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45
Q

What did the Korean government ask China for?

A

To send troops, and a 2,500 strong expeditionary force was sent to Asan

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46
Q

How did the Japanese feel about the expeditionary force?

A

Saw this as a breach of the Tientsin treaty and they sent 8,000 troops to the port of Inchon

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47
Q

What did the Japanese troops do?

A

Moved to Seoul, where on 20 July they seized control of the Korean government

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48
Q

When did the first fighting of the war take place?

A

25 July 1894

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49
Q

When was war officially declared between China and Japan?

A

1 August 1894

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50
Q

What was signed in 1885

A

The Tianjin Convention

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51
Q

When was the Tianjin Convention signed

A

1885

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52
Q

Factor’s which caused the first Sino-Japanese (4 points)

A

. China’s weakness militarily and not understanding Japan’s modernisation
. Japan’s arms strength and imperialism
. Domestic problems in Korea - if Korea was stable this would not have happened
. Foreigners causing problems for China

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53
Q

Why did China lose the Sino-Japanese War?

A

. Japanese military and technological strength
. Chinese Confucian ideology
. Chinese impotence
. Poor Chinese commanders
. Japanese were quick in getting to Korea
. Chinese soldiers were conscripts, not professional

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54
Q

When did Japan seize Seoul?

A

21st July 1894

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55
Q

What happened on the 1st August 1894?

A

British transport ship with 1200 Chinese troops - declaration of war

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56
Q

When was the British transport ship sunk?

A

1st August 1894

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57
Q

What happened in Seoul and Pyongyang?

A

Land battles and Japan pushed Chinese troops out of Korea

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58
Q

What did Japan seize?

A

The Lushan peninsula and port Arthur

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59
Q

What happened in September 1894?

A

Naval battles - China looses 2 battleships, 10 cruisers and 2 torpedo boats

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60
Q

Where did the Chinese navy and army retreat to?

A

Wei Hei Wei

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61
Q

Where did Japan attack in January 1895 and with how many

A

Wei Hai Wei with 20,000+ soldiers

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62
Q

How did the war end?

A

China sued for peace

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63
Q

How was China shown to the world after the war?

A

Weak, corrupt and arrogant to the point of delusion

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64
Q

What was the treaty which needed the Sino-Japanese war and when was it signed?

A

Treaty of Shimonoseki - April 1895

65
Q

6 terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki

A

. China conceded every territorial claims and was forced to recognise Korea’s full autonomy and independence
. The payment of tributes and formal subservience to China was immediately stopped
. China seeded the Liodong peninsula in Manchuria as well as Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands
. War indemnity in excess of $100 million
. Japan accorded further privileges with more ports opened for trade
. Japan has the right to manufacture goods on Chinese soil

66
Q

How big was the Japanese army vs China

A

270,000 - Over 1 mil (1/3) of China’s army were trained green standard troop

67
Q

Li Hongzhang

A

. Started the USA education mission with 120 student
. Sent students to France, Germany and Britain
. Diplomat who negotiated Shimonoseki
. Set up Zongli Yamen
. Moderniser + conservative
. Main person of the self-strengthening movement
. Got Cixi to pay for docks and coal mine

68
Q

What was the scramble for concessions?

A

. Territorial demands of colonial powers through unequal treaties
. China had a period of self reflection
. Distrust of foreigners continued

69
Q

What did Britain gain from China by 1900?

A

. Hong Kong had been ceded to Britain back in 1842
. Britain obtained trade rights in the Yangtze valley
. Britain received part of Weihaiwei

70
Q

Why was Britain not keen to partition China like the other western nations?

A

. If China’s sovereignty was upheld and there was the appearance of national unity, British trade interests would be protected
. Britain’s interests were only economical not territorial
. Britain did not want to overextend the empire

71
Q

Supposed and real aims of the Triple Intervention in 1895?

A

. Germany and Russia supported the mediation to uphold China’s sovereignty but really wanted to further its own interests
. Germany wanted to direct Russia from its western border and have a naval base
. Territories would be easier to squeeze territories out of China for making Japan stand down
. French obliged to support Russia due to Franco Russian agreement of 1814 - wary of Germany aspirations also

72
Q

What did France gain from China?

A

. Sent its navy into Guangzhou bay and leased it
. Given spheres of influence in south e.g. Guangdong province
. France granted the right to build a railway linking its colony of Indochina to the mainland

73
Q

What did Russia gain from China?

A

. A Russian fleet entered Lushun
. Claimed to be protecting China from Germany and Japan but wanted an all year round war water port
. Leased Dalian and Lushun for 25 years
. Could construct the south Manchuria railway

74
Q

What did Germany gain from China?

A

A German naval force entered the port of Qingdao and took control of the whole province obtaining railway building rights

75
Q

What treaty happened in 1874?

A

Second Treaty of Saigon - Vietnam became an independent (of China), French Protectorate

76
Q

When was the Second Treaty of Saigon?

A

1874

77
Q

What did the French do 1882?

A

Seized Hanoi as Li Hongzhang’s negotiations failed

78
Q

When did the French seize Hanoi?

A

1882

79
Q

What war happened in 1883-85?

A

. Sino French War over North Vietnam
. France destroyed Chinese Fujian fleet with attack on Fuzhou Shipyard

80
Q

When was the Sino French War over North Vietnam?

A

1883-85

81
Q

What happened in the Treaty of Tianjin?

A

China conceded to Vietnam as a French protectorate and French trading rights in SE China

82
Q

When was the treaty of Tianjin?

A

1885

83
Q

What treaty was passed in 1885?

A

Treaty of Tianjin

84
Q

What did France secure in 1897?

A

France secured a lease on Guangzhouwan (South West China)

85
Q

When did France secured a lease on Guangzhouwan?

A

1897

86
Q

What happened with France in 1905?

A

They owned a large share in the Russo-Chinese bank

87
Q

What started construction in 1891 and what did this threaten?

A

Trans Siberian Railway which threatened by Japanese concessions in NE

88
Q

When did the Trans Siberian Railway start construction?

A

1891

89
Q

When was the Triple Intervention?

A

1895

90
Q

Summarise the Triple Intervention

A

Russia, supported by France and Germany, force Japan to give up the Liaodong (Port Arthur) peninsula in exchange for more money from Chinese government

91
Q

What permitted the building of the TS railway through the north and when

A

1896 - Li Hongzhang’s alliance with Russia permitted building of TS railway through north in exchange for Russian assistance against a potential Japanese attack.

92
Q

What lease was agreed in 1898 and for how many years?

A

25 year lease of Port Arthur

93
Q

When the the Port Arthur lease agreed?

A

1898

94
Q

What did Germany want to establish in the 1890s?

A

A naval base and sphere of influence

95
Q

What happened in 1897 with Germany?

A

. Murder of two German Catholic missionaries caused Germany to seize Shandong peninsula
. China forced to: grant a 99 year lease on Jiaozhou Bay and give concessions for German railways and coal mines

96
Q

When did Germany seize Shandong peninsula?

A

1897

97
Q

What did the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 and Tianjin in 1860 give Britain?

A

A huge amount of influence over SE China, the Yangtze and Hong Kong

98
Q

After 1896 what did Britain secure?

A

. A lease on Weihaiwai in Shangdong
. Guarantees from the Imperial Government for her economic interests on the Yangtze
. 99 year lease on the ‘New Territories’

99
Q

How was western imperialism catastrophic for China’s economy?

A

. Caused a silver drain
. Import of cheap British cotton damaged Chinese handicraft industry
. Concessions gave foreigners control over China’s heavy industrial areas
. Indemnity payments crippled the government
. Extraterritoriality in treaty ports meant Chinese enterprise could not compete
. Unequal treaties allowed foreigners to control tariffs

100
Q

What % of cotton cloth was still woven in China by the 1930s?

A

61%

101
Q

Short term causes of the Boxer rebellion: 8 causes

A

. Failure of self-strengthening
. Defeat in Sino-Japanese war
. Chinese corruption
. Scramble for concessions
. Impotence in opposing territorial demands
. Growth of Chinese nationalism which manifested as anti-foreign feeling
. People felt China’s Confucian essence had been lost
. Anger at missionaries

102
Q

How did Cixi help cause the Boxer rebellion in the short term

A

. She was ultra conservative
. Imprisoned Guanxu and reforms halted

103
Q

What contraction did the Chinese resent and why?

A

Chinese resented building of railways and churches which disrupted Feng Shui

104
Q

What did the Boxers attack?

A

Anything of western origin

105
Q

How did Cixi react to the Boxers?

A

. Hoped to use the Boxers to get rid of the foreigners and she gave her backing
. She ordered the Qing troops to assist the uprising

106
Q

How did the Qing troops react to the uprising?

A

Powerful regional bosses such as Li Hongzhang and Yu’an Shikai ignored Cixi’s order to assist the Boxers

107
Q

What did the western powers do during the rebellion?

A

They sent an army to relieve the besieged legations

108
Q

What were the western forces known as during the rebellion?

A

The Eight Nation Army

109
Q

How many troops did the Eight Nation Army have?

A

20,000

110
Q

Which nations mostly made up the Eight Nation Army?

A

Japanese, Russia and British

111
Q

How did the western powers stop the siege?

A

They landed in Tianjin and marched to relive Beijing with the siege lifting on the 14th August 1900

112
Q

Why did the Boxers fail?

A

. Lacked charismatic direction and it was unclear what outcome they wanted
. Lacked leadership

113
Q

What did the Boxer commit?

A

Atrocities in Shandong during the 1890s with approximately 30,000 Chinese Christians being killed

114
Q

By 1900 what had the Boxers done?

A

. Several hundred Christians had been killed
. Churches + railways were burnt
. Telephone poles cut
. Missionaries murdered

115
Q

What happened in Taiyung?

A

The governor promised promised to shelter missionaries and their families from the Boxers but he lied and they were put to death

116
Q

Where did the governor promised promise to shelter missionaries but put them to their death?

A

Taiyung

117
Q

What did the Boxers do in Beijing?

A

Besieged the foreign legations; a Japanese diplomat and a German minister were assassinated

118
Q

What happened to a British relief force?

A

Force of 2000 was beaten back

119
Q

What broke out when the Eight Nation Army entered Beijing?

A

Chaos and Cixi and her advisors retreated westwards out of Beijing to Xian

120
Q

How to Cixi sort out negotiations after the rebellion?

A

Cixi recalled Li Hongzhang from semi retirement to lead negotiations for China and he died within a year of signing the Boxer Protocol

121
Q

What did the Boxer Protocol demand?

A

. Apologies for the murder of the Japanese diplomat and a memorial was to be constructed to commemorate the German ambassador

122
Q

Was the rebellion what was the legation Quarter turned into?

A

A foreign quarter where the Chinese people could no longer reside

123
Q

What was established after the rebellion?

A

Minister of Foreign Affairs

124
Q

What was each participating foreign nation given access to?

A

Access to the sea and allowed to station troops in Beijing

125
Q

What happened to the leaders of the rebellion?

A

Executed/banished

126
Q

What was suspended after the rebellion?

A

Official Jinshi examinations were suspended for five years in areas where foreigners had been harassed

127
Q

What membership was prohibited after the rebellion?

A

Membership of anti-foreign societies

128
Q

What did the Chinese have to pay after the rebellion?

A

Had to pay an indemnity of 450 million taels until 1940

129
Q

How much had China paid by 1940 due to the rebellion?

A

China’s entire annual income amounted to approx 250 million taels - when including interest rates by 1940 China had paid nearly 1 billion taels

130
Q

What type of state was China after the rebellion?

A

China remained a unitary state as western powers deemed it better for trade

131
Q

How many Chinese refugees stayed in the legations?

A

More than 3000

132
Q

How long were Beijing’s western residents given to leave Beijing?

A

24 hours - some believe they would be killed on the way to the east

133
Q

How much food did the foreigners have to last them?

A

6-8 weeks

134
Q

What when did the court return to Beijing to rule and what did they have to do?

A

. Accept they started the war
. $450 million in repatriations to foreigners
. Arsenals. And forts destroyed
. Foreign troops in Beijing permanently
. Humiliating
. Lack if faith in the Qing government

135
Q

What encouraged Boxer groups to attack Christian missionaries in the countryside?

A

Poor harvests and floods

136
Q

Who did Boxers target?

A

Urban legations and concessions e.g. Beijing, burned foreign buildings, tore up railroads, destroyed telegraph wires and attached Chinese Christians.

137
Q

Where did the Boxers protest outside of?

A

The German embassy - German troops attacked Chinese for three nights

138
Q

What did the Europeans order the imperial government to do?

A

Ban Boxer groups

139
Q

How did Cixi misread the situation?

A

. She believed foreigners wanted to restore Guangxu, so she punished but did not ban Boxers
. Europeans and Boxers believed imperial government sanctioned Boxer actions.

140
Q

What did Cixi give foreigners?

A

24 hours to leave Beijing under imperial protection from Boxers, but foreigners marched troops into Beijing to protect their citizens, ignoring Cixi

141
Q

What happened after the German Ambassador was killed?

A

The Boxers sieges the legations and fought foreign troops

142
Q

Who did Cixi appeal to and what happened?

A

Regional governors to send troops to support imperial army, but they refused and foreigners sweep easily through Tianjin and into Beijing

143
Q

Who and why was China invaded from the coast?

A

9 nations join to invade China from the coast, in order to free Beijing legations from Boxers - most troops are Japanese.

144
Q

What was the last event of the rebellion?

A

The Boxers are easily defeated and foreign troops looted, sacked and pillaged Beijing. Cixi, Guangxu and imperial court fled to Xian

145
Q

How many Boxers were there?

A

Around 200,000

146
Q

What happened in 1902 which lead to the collapse of the Qing?

A

. Cixi attempts reforms
. High interest loans
. Taxes for reparations

147
Q

What happened in 1906 which lead to the Qing’s collapse

A

Anti-American boycott

148
Q

When does Cixi die?

A

1908

149
Q

What uprising causes the Qing’s collapse?

A

Double tenth Wuchang uprising against central control of provinces

150
Q

When is China declared a republic?

A

November 1911

151
Q

Who was invited to rule after the Qing?

A

Sun Yat-sen and the Alliance League

152
Q

How old was Puyi in 1912

A

6

153
Q

What did the Chinese believe the Qing dynasty had lost?

A

The Mandate of Heaven

154
Q

Where was Sun Yatsen at the end of the 19th century?

A

. In exile in Britain after attempting revolution
. Formed the Revolutionary Alliance, later GMD to overthrow the Qing

155
Q

What did Guangxu try to do in 1898?

A

Modernise China through the 100 days of reform

156
Q

When were the 100 days of reform and who implemented them?

A

1898 - Guangxu

157
Q

What did students read and how did this impact the Alliance League?

A

Chinese students read Sun Yatsen’s revolutionary newspaper - the membership of the Revolutionary Alliance rose to over 10,000 by 1911

158
Q

What caused massive famine and homeless peasants and when?

A

1910 - torrential rains caused floods in the Yangtze valley

159
Q

Who did Sun Yatsen recognise as the leader of China?

A

Yuan Shikai

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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