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The Making of Modern China Added Info > Booklet 3 My Notes 1931-1941 > Flashcards

Booklet 3 My Notes 1931-1941 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Yuan Shikai rule?

A

1912-1916

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2
Q

Who was Yuan Shikai and what did he do?

A

A general who turned China into a dictatorship
Failed to make himself emperor in 1914

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3
Q

Who ruled from 1912-1916

A

Yuan Shikai

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4
Q

What was the 1916-1927 era known as?

A

The Warlord Era

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5
Q

When was the Warlord Era?

A

1916-1927

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6
Q

Who were the Warlords and what what their rule like?

A

. Land lords
. Like gang leadership
. Country was fragmented and separate

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7
Q

What movement took place from 1919-1925

A

The 4th May movement

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8
Q

When was the 4th May movement?

A

1919-1925

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9
Q

What was the 4th May movement ?

A

. Cultural movement which grew from student protest
. Wanted youth to rebel against the government for democracy

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10
Q

When was the CCP founded

A

1921

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11
Q

Who were the 3 key founding members of the CCP?

A

. Mao Zedong
. Zhou Enlai
. Zhu De

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12
Q

When did Sun Yatsen lead the GMD?

A

1920-25

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13
Q

When was the first united front?

A

1924-1927

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14
Q

Where did Chiang Kai-Shek train?

A

Whampoa Military Academy

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15
Q

When did Sun Yatsen die and of what?

A

Cancer in 1925

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16
Q

When was the Northern Expedition?

A

1926-8

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17
Q

What was the Northern Expedition?

A

Chinag’s campaign to unify most of China

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18
Q

What was the expedition in 1926-8

A

The Northern Expedition?

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19
Q

When was the White Terror and Autumn Harvest uprising?

A

1927

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20
Q

What was the White Terror and Autumn Harvest uprising

A

A purge on the communists who were arrested and killed

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21
Q

What did Chiang create in 1928?

A

A new capital in Nanking where western ideas were adopted

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22
Q

When did Mao go to Jiangxi?

A

1928

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23
Q

Where did Mao go in 1928?

A

Jiangxi

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24
Q

Why did Mao go to Jiangxi?

A

. Wanted peasants to rise up against those in charge

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25
Q

What did the GMD do to Jianxi?

A

. Launched a series of military campaigns there
. Encirclement campaigns 1929-34
. Mao used guerilla warfare

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26
Q

When were the encirclement campaigns?

A

1929-34

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27
Q

What was the Futian Incident and when was it?

A

Futian battalion rebelled against Mao - 1930

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28
Q

When was the Long March?

A

1934-35

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29
Q

What was the Long March?

A

Military retreat to escape the GMD

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30
Q

How far did the communists walk on the Long March?

A

17 miles a day average

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31
Q

How many causalities were lost of the road and what what % of the red army died on the Long March?

A

. 30,000-40,000 causulaties
. 95%

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32
Q

Where did the CCP set up base and when?

A

Yan’aan in 1935

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33
Q

When was the Xian incident?

A

1936

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34
Q

What incident happened in 1936?

A

Xian incident

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35
Q

What was the Xian Incident?

A

Chiang was kidnapped by one of his northern advisors who tried to convince Chiang to stop attacks on the CCP and deal with Japan

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36
Q

USSR and China similarities in 1920?

A

. Tsars had absolute power like Qing
. Revolution at similar time to China
. Big peasant pop
. Agricultural economy exploiting workers

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37
Q

Communism

A

. Forced redistribution by the government or revolution by the workers which is then owned by the workers, state and enterprise
. Dictatorship for control - should be temporary

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38
Q

Membership expansion of the CCP (1922, 1926, 1927)

A

. From 200 members in 1922
. 7000 in early 1926
. 30,000 by the end of 1926
. By 1927 there were 58,000 members of the CCP making it the third largest in the world.

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39
Q

Adolf Joffe

A

Senior Soviet diplomat who met with Sun Yat-sen in 1923 to greet that national unity would be key in the united from

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40
Q

Mikhail Borodin

A

Sent to China for 3 years to transform the GMD

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41
Q

What was Sun named as?

A

Leader for life

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42
Q

How did the Soviets improve the CCP militarily

A

. Shipped arms, money and advisors in to create a new GMD military academy (Whampoa Military Academy) and improve their army.
. Chiang Kaishek was appointed commandant

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43
Q

What did the Russians do with their concessions?

A

Agreed to surrender all Russian occupied Chinese land (e.g. Mongolia) given to the old Russian Tsar’s government by the former Qing Dynasty

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44
Q

What did the Russians publicly condemn?

A

The special privileges held in the treaty ports by foreign powers.

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45
Q

Why did /Moscow insist the CCP join with the GMD?

A

Because the GMD was more useful and better established

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46
Q

How much did the Comintern provide to keep the CCP alive?

A

$5000 per annum

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47
Q

What type of family did Mao come from?

A

A prosperous peasant family

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48
Q

What did Mao do in his youth?

A

. Joined an anti Qing army in Hunan
. Trained as a teacher and left for Beijing
. Joined Hunan independence movement
. Worked as an assistant at the university library - where he heard about the Russian revolution

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49
Q

Where was Sun Yat-Sen during the Boxer rebellion?

A

Exile

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50
Q

Who was Chiang Kai-Shek?

A

. According to school reports he was average and a loaner
. Went to debaters prison at 12
. Rejected from Chinese military school
. Went to Whampoa Military Academy but told he had no leadership skills

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51
Q

Why did Chiang Kai-Shek replace Sun Yat-Sen

A

. Sun died of cancer
. Unclear who would succeed him
. Chiang made bid for leadership in 1926 - married to Sun Yat-Sen’s sister in law
. Support from party, not communists as he hated them

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52
Q

The northern expedition was successful

A

Achieved purpose of defeating warlords and reuniting China

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53
Q

The northern expedition was not successful

A

. Not all warlords were defeated
. Many warlords only accepted GMD’s authority if they could keep their private armies or offered places in the party
. Chiang’s position was weak as he did not fully control China

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54
Q

When did Chiang turn on communists?

A

1927

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55
Q

Why did Chiang turn on communists?

A

. As soon as Chiang judged that the Northern Expedition would be ultimately successful his attack on communists intensified
. Chiang only needed communist support to defeat warlords

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56
Q

Why was nationalist China a dictatorship?

A

Uncertain conditions in China as it struggled to adopt modern ways did not permit Chiang to introduce democracy immediately

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57
Q

Political reform under nationalist rule

A

. China’s civil service modernised by the creation of special administrative departments
. Improve quality +availability of education
. Setting up country as a dictator

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58
Q

Economic reform under nationalist rule

A

. Chinese bankers brought under central control of Bank of China
. Shanghai stock exchange
. Modern buses + train commissions
. Government subsidies for film
. Opium brought under control
. Gambling restrictions

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59
Q

Relationship with foreigners under nationalist rule

A

. Close links between Third Reich and nationalist
. Blue shirts like Gestapo
. Nationalist tactics and discipline based on German model
. Until 1936 Nazis supplied most of Chinese equipment

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60
Q

Political weakness under nationalist rule

A

. Considerable illicit funding for GMD came from donations from gangsters
. Never a mass party due to social composition of its members
. Members did not care about peasants

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61
Q

Peasant poverty under nationalist rule

A

. Little in GMD to introduce the land reforms they promised
. More interested in improving countryside conditions than welfare in urban cities

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62
Q

Extent of control under nationalist rule

A

. Warlords still had a say in many provinces
. Government failed to carry through its policies of land reforms
. At no time did the nationalists control more than 2/5 of Chinese population, only 1/2 land

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63
Q

Out of how many survived the Long March?

A

Out of 100,000 barely 20,000 survived

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64
Q

How did the Japanese help the CCP survive?

A

Invaded the north meaning the GMD couldn’t fully deal with communists

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65
Q

How many times did the GMD encirclement campaign fail?

A

4

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66
Q

% divide between rural and urban

A

70% rural and 30% urban

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67
Q

Maoism

A

Communism for the peasants

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68
Q

What was the US role in Japan invading China?

A

. USA adopted a high tariff policy which restricted the import of foreign goods depriving Japan of a trade outlet
. Without access to the US market the Japanese could not acquire the capital needed for raw materials

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69
Q

Economic climate in Japan which lead to the invasion of China

A

Economic recession in China encouraged an aggressive policy of expansionism

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70
Q

Why did Japan invade China?

A

. Wanted control of east Asia and western Pacific - imperial expansionism
. Believed Chinese were racially inferior
. Worried China would become unified and rival Japan’s power
. Wanted to free themselves from their dependence on foreign states for oil and rice

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71
Q

How did China’s weakness warrant Japan’s invasion?

A

. China lacked a strong central government - only token resistance against Japan
. Disorder from 30th May Incident gave Japan justification for tightening their hold over China

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72
Q

Why did Japan need to invade Manchuria?

A

For raw materials and for living space for Japan’s expanding population

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73
Q

What % of Japan’s total overseas investment were in China

A

80%

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74
Q

What fraction of Japan’s international trade did China account for?

A

1/4

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75
Q

Why was Japan worried about the USSR?

A

Thought they wanted to exploit China as a base to overwhelm Japan

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76
Q

How was Japan able to invade China? (Japan positives)

A

Meiji reforms, economic modernisation, military strength, prosperous

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77
Q

How was Japan able to invade China? (China negatives)

A

Static economy, financial debt, backward military, fragmented

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78
Q

Tanaka memorial

A

. Probably fake
. Only original copy in Chinese not Japanese
. First seen in a magazine in 1929 in China
. Purpose - to gain western support against Japan

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79
Q

When was the Mukden Incident?

A

September 1931

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80
Q

Who came up with the Mukden Incident?

A

Seishiro and Kanji Ishimara devised a plan to ignite war in Manchuria

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81
Q

What happened on September 19th 1931?

A

Two artillery pieces were secretly installed in secret at the Mukden Officers club with open fire on Chinese garrisons nearby

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82
Q

What did the Japanese army do to start war?

A

Blew up their own railway and blamed it on China, not until November when the Chinese attacked

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83
Q

How well prepared were the Chinese army

A

Ill prepared for battle

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84
Q

What did the Japanese army do once war had started?

A

Made rapid progress across Manchuria’s wide open spaces

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85
Q

What had the Japanese army done within 5 months of the Mukden incident

A

Overrun all major towns and cities

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86
Q

What did the United States Secretary of State declare?

A

The US would not recognise any government that was established due to Japanese actions in Manchuria

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87
Q

What did the League of Nations commission find?

A

. Neglected the Japanese claim that the Manchurian invasion was an act of self-defence
. Found that China’s sovereignty had been compromised but Japan walked out

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88
Q

What did Japan do in 1933?

A

Resigned from the league

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89
Q

When did Japan resign from the League of Nations?

A

1933

90
Q

What was secured for Japanese shipping?

A

Port of Mukden

91
Q

What had Japan created in Manchuria?

A

A puppet state controlled from Tokyo

92
Q

What was proclaimed on February 18th 1932?

A

The Manchu state of Manchuko

93
Q

When was the Manchu state of Manchuko proclaimed?

A

February 18th 1932

94
Q

Who did Japan invite to be head of state in Manchuria?

A

Puyi

95
Q

How did Chiang describe Japan and the communists?

A

Said the ‘Japanese are a disease of the skin’ and ‘the communist are a disease of the heart’

96
Q

Lytton commission

A

Wrote a report for the league which took months

97
Q

What action did the league take against Japan?

A

None

98
Q

What did Chiang hope the league could be used for?

A

To protect China from Japanese invasions which would allow him to take on the communists

99
Q

What was the League of Nations set up to do?

A

Prevent another war and use the armed forces of its member states to prevent foreign aggression

100
Q

When was the Treaty of Tanggu signed?

A

May 1933

101
Q

What was signed in May 1933?

A

Treaty of Tanggu

102
Q

Main terms of the Treaty of Tanggu? (5 terms)

A

. Recognised Japanese control of Manchuria, Rehe, Hopei
. An area encompassing Tianjin and Peiping was demilitarised
. Japan had secured its interests in northern China
. Official recognition of Manchuko as a state
. China had surrendered sovereignty to avoid full scale war with Japan

103
Q

What effect would the Treaty of Tanggu have on China?

A

. Humiliation
. Was signed under the presence of Japanese warships
. Achieved peace in the short term but only by bowing to Japanese demands
. Northern Chinese angry but southerners relieved Japan had been dealt with

104
Q

What effect would the Treaty of Tanggu have on Japa?

A

. Unlikely that Japan was satisfied
. Japan’s growing reliance on China’s resources
. Emperor loses influence as the army control the government
. Could not afford to loose Manchuria’s resources and space

105
Q

Long term causes of all out war?

A

. Japanese imperialism
. Chinese instability
. Great Depression
. Manchuria
. Ching’s appeasement (worked in 1933-35)

106
Q

Short term causes of all out war?

A

. Marco Polo Bridge
. Chiang’s decision to mobilise for war - appeasement vs total war

107
Q

How did the Japanese cabinet feel about war?

A

Wait as war would make Japan vulnerable or neutralise China

108
Q

What did the Japanese do on the 26th July 1937?

A

Attacked and captured Beijing and Tianjin

109
Q

When did the Japanese attack and capture Beijing and Tianjin?

A

26th July 1937

110
Q

What did the Kwangtung army do to the Chinese?

A

Killed all Chinese on sight

111
Q

How quickly did Japan think they could crush China?

A

Within 3 months

112
Q

Medium term causes of all out war (international developments)?

A

. Rise of dictators in Europe
. Ineffective League of Nations
. USSR threatened by rise of Nazi Germany and Japan
. Great Depression

113
Q

Medium term causes of all out war (internal developments)?

A

. Xian incident
. Chiang’s national defence planning council Nov 1932
. NRA reform
. 5th encirclement campaign and long march - feels like CCP are defeated

114
Q

When was the second united front?

A

1936

115
Q

What was decided at the National Defence Planning Council and when was it?

A

November 1932 - secret war preparation to modernise China and move valuable industry to the west

116
Q

Medium term causes of all out war (developments in Japan)?

A

. 1/2 government spending on military
. Clashes with USSR on the Manchurian border
. Red army attacks Japanese troops
. June 1937 - hardline government
. Neither side was economically or militarily prepared for full scale war in 1937

117
Q

What was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?

A

Clash occurred between Japanese soldiers Ona night exercise and Chinese troops around Marco Polo

118
Q

Marco Polo Bridge was an accident

A

. Neither side’s government sought a full scale war
. Japanese general had a heart attack leading to an experienced colleague replaced
. Japanese troops not looking for trouble and were searching for a lost soldier

119
Q

Marco Polo Bridge was not an accident

A

. Inevitable consequence of the Japanese determination to achieve further dominance in China
. Impossibility of Chiang’s government to accept further humiliation

120
Q

What was the result of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident for the GMD?

A

. Chiang announced the limits of endurance had been reached
. Chiang’s military suffered defeat after defeat

121
Q

What was the result of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident for the CCP?

A

. GMD was weakened by the Japanese and it was easier for the CCP to talk after
. Clear winners as they could survive and expand

122
Q

What was the result of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident for the Japanese?

A

. In Japan a debate ensued between hardliners and those wanting to avoid conflict - hardliners won
. Japanese occupied Beijing and attacked several major towns

123
Q

When was the fall of Beijing?

A

8 August 1937

124
Q

What happened on the 8th August 1937?

A

Fall of Beijing

125
Q

When was the second Sino-Japanese War?

A

1937-41

126
Q

What war took place between 1937-41?

A

Second Sino-Japanese War

127
Q

What happened to Beijing in the war?

A

. It was garrisoned by 3000 troops and Chinese given ultimatum to withdraw forces
. Neighbouring towns overrun and Japanese told to kill all Chinese on sight

128
Q

Where did Chiang choose to launch an attack in August 1937

A

Shanghai

129
Q

When did Chiang launch an attack on Shanghai?

A

August 1937

130
Q

How many troops attacked Shanghai?

A

Chiang ordered 50,000 troops where they outnumbered 20,000 Japanese

131
Q

Casualty rates at Shanghai attack

A

Estimated 300,000 Chinese dead compared to 70,000 Japanese

132
Q

Rape of Nanking date

A

December 1937

133
Q

What massacre happened in December 1937

A

Rape of Nanking

134
Q

How long did the Rape of Nanking last?

A

7 weeks

135
Q

After the Rape of Nanking how many Chinese surrendered?

A

24,000

136
Q

What was the capital from 1938-45?

A

Chongqing

137
Q

When did Chongqing become capital

A

1938

138
Q

Why did Chongqing become the capital

A

It was inland and not under immediate Japanese threat

139
Q

How many art treasure were moved to Chongqing?

A

15,000

140
Q

How many factories were moved to Chongqing?

A

150

141
Q

How many enterprises were moved to Chongqing?

A

2000

142
Q

What was the problem with Chongqing??

A

It was backward, poor, produced little, did not have much transport

143
Q

When did the Battle for Shanghai end?

A

November 1937

144
Q

Why did Chiang invade Shanghai?

A

. To establish a second front in Shanghai and engage Japan in the east
. Protect Yangtze and road to Nanking
. Delay Japanese advance giving time to move the government and industry inland
. Trading space for time
. Wanted international sympathy

145
Q

Japanese preparation for Shanghai

A

. 3,000 naval troops to support
. 32 vessels
. Tanks
. Anti-tank artillery

146
Q

Chinese preparation for Shanghai

A

. Deployed central NRA
. Propaganda
. New tanks
. ROCAF (airforce)
. Ordered 500,000 troops in Shanghai

147
Q

What held back China?

A

Refugee crisis

148
Q

What was the main tactic of China with Shanghai?

A

With superior numbers, surprise Japanese and push to the coast then blockade reinforcements

149
Q

What was the Chinese hit rate like?

A

The Chinese only hit 1 ship and they missed the other ship

150
Q

What did the Chinese attack at Shanghai?

A

. Surprise ground attack focussed on Japanese strongholds
. Aerial attack on Japanese interests

151
Q

What did China lose in the battle of Shanghai?

A

. Loss of surprise due to poor weaponry and training
. Refugee crisis

152
Q

What happened on Black Saturday?

A

China accidentally bombed Nanking Road + Avenue King Edward VII - thousands of civilians killed

153
Q

What was the Japanese response to the battle of Shanghai?

A

. Naval and air bombardments on Chinese barracks, defences and civilian areas
. Waves of reinforcements (200,000 troop)
. A naval landing put 30,000 Japanese troops in the rear of the Chinese

154
Q

How many troops did China loose in the Battle of Shanghai?

A

187,000

155
Q

What did China do at the end of the battle?

A

Withdrew to Nanjing to save ‘Shanghai’ from future damage but was left to Japanese mercy

156
Q

What was the Chinese retreat like?

A

. Poorly organised and defences fell easily, Hindenburg line fell in two weeks

157
Q

How did the world react to Shanghai?

A

. President Roosevelt gave a speech
. Britain called for a Power Treaty review in November but achieved nothing

158
Q

What did the USSR sign

A

A non-aggression pact and sent aircraft and money to China

159
Q

What did Tokyo’s decision to march to Nanking do for Chinese morale?

A

Increased Chinese resistance and encouraged propaganda

160
Q

At Shanghai what was Chinese facilities compared to Japanese?

A

Chinese lost 300,000 compared to 70,000 Japanese

161
Q

What did Chiang succeed with Shanghai?

A

Chiang succeeded in diverting Japan from consolidating its northern possession and Japan did not beat China but instead was drawn into all out war

162
Q

How many died in the Nanking Massacre out of how many?

A

300,000 out of 600,000 civilians

163
Q

How long did the Rape of Nanking last?

A

6 weeks

164
Q

What preceded the invasion of Nanking?

A

Battle at Shanghai

165
Q

What had the Japanese bragged they would do at Shanghai and what surprised them?

A

Bragged they would conquer China in three months and were shocked at the resistance by Chinese troops

166
Q

How many Japanese soldiers marched in towards Nanking?

A

50,000

167
Q

What were Chinese soldiers at Nanking like?

A

Poorly led and loosely organised

168
Q

What were the Japanese soldiers like at Nanking?

A

. The Chinese greatly outnumbered the Japanese
. But the Japanese had plenty of ammunition and the Chinese engaged in chaotic retreat

169
Q

What ordered did the Japanese have in Nanking?

A

Kill all captives

170
Q

How many Chinese soldiers had surrendered?

A

90,000

171
Q

What did the Japanese think of the surrendered soldiers?

A

. They wanted to eliminate their threat
. To the Japanese surrender was an unthinkable act of cowardice and looked upon the Chinese as less than human

172
Q

What did the Japanese soldiers do to the Chinese?

A

. Inflict maximum pain
. Decapitating them
. Shot
. Burned alive
. Raped women as old as 70 and girls younger than 8
. Stabbed
. Pregnant women had bellies torn open

173
Q

How many females were gang raped by Japanese soldiers?

A

20,000

174
Q

How did the public react to the Nanking Massacre in America?

A

. Skepticism
. Seemed to fantastical too believe
. Not interested in Asia, more focussed on Europe

175
Q

What did Chiang introduce in 1936?

A

Conscription

176
Q

What city fell in October 1938?

A

Guangzhou

177
Q

When did Guangzhou fall?

A

October 1938

178
Q

What did the GMD do in 1938 and why?

A

Broke the Yellow River dykes to stall the Japanese - over 30,000sqkm flooded

179
Q

How many casualties did the GMD forces inflict at the Battle of Taierzhuang

A

10,000 Japanese casualties

180
Q

What battle did the GMD inflict 10,000 Japanese casualties?

A

Battle of Taierzhuang

181
Q

What had Chiang successfully induced Japan into doing?

A

Committing more troops and resources than it could sustain indefinitely

182
Q

What way the only way a Chinese victory could be achieved?

A

Through endurance and waiting for Japan to exhaust itself

183
Q

How many refugees were at the battle of Shanghai?

A

4 million

184
Q

How many bomb shelters did Chongqing have?

A

1000

185
Q

By 1941 what fraction could be protect by shelter?

A

Only 2/3

186
Q

How long was the blitz on Chonqing?

A

5 years

187
Q

How many were killed in the Chonqing blitz?

A

12,000

188
Q

What happened in 1942?

A

A famine - 5 million Chinese starved

189
Q

How many drowned during the Yellow River flood?

A

500,000

190
Q

How many were made homeless during the Yellow River flood?

A

3 million

191
Q

What port did the Japanese seize?

A

Port of Tianjin

192
Q

What supremacy did Japan have?

A

Naval supremacy occupying all the major ports and the coast

193
Q

What did the CCP provide and what did this increase?

A

A constant anti-Japanese nationalist rhetoric which increased their support

194
Q

What could the CCP have done to Chiang in 1936?

A

Assassinate Chiang but they instead pushed for a united front to repulse Japan

195
Q

What did the CCP recognise in Chiang?

A

He was the only figure with enough prestige to lead a national resistance

196
Q

Who was the safety of Nanjing entrusted to and what did he do?

A

Tang Shengzi - he swore to protect the city until his last breath but after 3 days of heavy bombardment he fled

197
Q

Where did the Chinese go from 1941?

A

To the US to train

198
Q

What did the USSR form to help the nationalists?

A

A volunteer air force - inflicted significant loses but Wuhan still fell

199
Q

What did Chiang turn to the USSR for?

A

Military aid

200
Q

What did Germany do to China?

A

Recalled their advisors due to the anti-Comintern pact between Germany and Japan

201
Q

What did the Soviets provide China?

A

. 50,000 rifles
. 10,000 machine guns
. Nearly 100 tanks
. 900 aircraft along with instructors and pilots

202
Q

What did the US issue to help the Chinese economy?

A

Loans ranging from $25 million to $50 million to stabilise the economy

203
Q

P-40 fighter planes

A

100 of the latest P-40 fighter planes which were known as the ‘flying tigers’ - they were incentivised by a $500 bonus for every Japanese plane shot down

204
Q

What did the US impose on Japan?

A

Economic sanctions and in 1940 they froze Japanese assets in US banks and stopped exporting oil, iron and technology to Japan

205
Q

From the outset how did the US feel aout the Sino-Japanese war?

A

. Opposed rise of Japanese militarism in the north
. But no vital interests in China were worth going to war with Japan

206
Q

What did the US and Japan do in 1940?

A

Sign an uneasy truce

207
Q

What did Japan sign with Germany and Italy and when?

A

Tripartite Pact - 27th September 1940

208
Q

What did Japan sign with the Soviet Union and when?

A

The Neutrality Pact in mid 1941

209
Q

What did the USA send into China?

A

Supplied along the Burma road

210
Q

What did Japanese planes fo to the US and when?

A

Bombed the US fleet at pearl harbour on December 7th 1941

211
Q

How did the US respond to the pearl harbour bombing?

A

Declared war on Japan

212
Q

What did Chiang believe about Japan?

A

They could not defeat all of China and needed to hold out for foreign intervention

213
Q

Where and how were US interests put at risk by Japan?

A

Japan’s growing navy and determination to be a dominant power in south east Asia put US interest in the Philippines at risk and naval bases in Hawaii

214
Q

Who was the US advisor to Chiang?

A

Claire Chennault

215
Q

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbour?

A

Japan needed to take over islands for resources and by attacking Pearl Harbour they could protect these islands from the US fleet

216
Q

What was the total amount of aid provided to China by the US?

A

$1 billion

217
Q

What % of Japanese troops were stuck in China?

A

40%

218
Q

What was China’s best option to deal with Japan?

A

. To wait for Japan to self destruct
. To attract international sympathy
. To repel and fight Japanese forces

219
Q

How did the refugees hamper the war effort?

A

. They clogged the roads

220
Q

How many refugees moved west?

A

90 million

221
Q

What to the Chinese do in Manchuria?

A

. Boycotted Japanese goods which cut Japanese sales by 2/3s
. Strikes in Japanese factories
. Volunteer guerrilla campaigns to target foreign garrison

222
Q

What % of peasants were illiterate?

A

80%

The Making of Modern China Added Info (13 decks)

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