Booklet 6 My Notes Flashcards
Give 4 changes to water transport in China 1860-1911
. European steamships (7 companies by 1881)
. China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company 1872 (33 ships by 1877)
. Yangtze developed for trade
. Fuzhou shipyard 1872
How many companies did European steamships have by 1881?
7
When was the Fuzhou Shipyard developed?
1872
River developed for trade
Yangtze
When was the China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company developed and how many ships by 1877?
1872 with 33 ships by 1877
What caused changes to water transport 1860-1911? (give 5 causes)
European trade, British navy (Opium War), USA gunboats to protect missionaries, extraterritoriality, Self Strenghtening Movement 1970s-90s
Other than development, give 3 other effects of water transport development 1860-1911
Foreign occupation and exploitation, anti-foreign feeling (Boxer Risings c1890s+), foreign mass produced goods disrupt Chinese artisan economy, weakening of Qing Dynasty
What railway was developed in 1876 and what happened to it?
Baoshan railway and it was destroyed by the Qing
When was the Baoshan railway developed?
1876
What happened with mining in 1881 and why?
Tianjin coal mine transport - Li Hongzhang self strengthening
When was the Tianjin coal mine transport developed?
1881
What did Qing do in 1904 regarding railways?
Qing government investment to stop foreign monopoly
When did the Qing gov invest to stop a foreign monopoly?
1904
What unpopular thing happened to the railways in 1904 and who did it?
Rights Recovery Movement and Boards of Communication and Finance nationalise the railways in 1904
When were railways nationalised?
1904
What movement regarding railways happened in 1911 and what was it about?
Railway Protection Movement protests against Qing
When did the Railway Protection Movement protest against Qing?
1911
What did Sun Yat-sen achieve in 1911-25?
Little development
What did Japan do to the railways and when?
1928-49 Japanese develop railway network in Manchuria
What was did Japan’s railway development cause?
Chiang Kai-sheck responded with 5 year Railway Construction Plan
What did the PRC do to the railway from 1949-65?
Build 700 miles per year
What happened to the railways during the cultural revolution?
20% decline
What happened to the railway in 1975>
Decision on Improving Railways set up modern railway
What caused developments to the railway 1876-1980? (7 causes)
. Foreign occupation and exploitation
. Trade
. Preparation for war
. Modernisers such as Li Hongzhang
. Chiang Kai-shek
. Mao Zedong
. Deng Xiaoping
Other than development, give 3 other effects of railway development 1876-1980
Foreign occupation and exploitation, trade, anti-foreign feeling (Boxers and anti-Japanese), development of industry, war
When was the height of road development 1860-42?
1930s and 40s
Chiang’s role in the height of road development in the 1930s-40s
Chiang Kai-shek built thousands of miles to fight Japanese and CCP
Foreigners role in the height of road development in the 1930s-40s
Built the Burma road to relieve China in 1938 from Japanese occupation (although closed 1940-45)
What caused road development in the 1830s and 40s?
Foreign occupation, War, Foreign support (Germans in preparation for war with Japan and British in Burma), Chiang Kai-shek
When did the telegraph develop?
1869-1930
When was the China Submarine Telegraph Company set up and by who and why?
1869 by British to link China to Britain via India
What did the British set up in 1869 to link China to Britain via India?
China Submarine Telegraph Company
What did Li Hongzhang’s Self-Strenghtening Movement do for telegraph development?
Set up 76 stations for the Chinese Imperial Telegraph Administration
What did the US do for telegraph development?
The USA set up the American Federal Telegraph Company in the 1920s
What did Japan do for telegraph development?
From 1937 Japan took over all telegraph companies
What caused telegraph development 1869-1930?
Foreign occupation and exploitation, Self Strengthening Movement, War
What did the Americans do for air transport development?
. Introduced the China National Aviation Corporation in 1937
. Gave the 14th US Airforce to Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Japanese
. Funded/supplied an Air Force to the GMD through Lend Lease in the early 1940s
When was most air development?
From 1980+
How much did air planes and passengers increase from 1979-89?
436%
What was privatised in 1985 relating to air travel?
The Civil Aviation Adminstration of China
What happened to air transport under Mao?
Other than some Soviet investment in the 1950s, air transport all but ceased development under Mao
What caused air transport development 1929-1997? (3 causes)
Foreign loans and equipment, Deng Xiaoping and economic necessity 1980+
Chinese economy in 1860
China had a mostly agricultural economy except for textiles
Chinese textile production in 1860
. Domestic (at home) also known as a cottage industry
. Mostly women spinning and weaving silk.
. Could not compete with the new British factories
1842 treaty of Nanjing impact on textile industry
Brought cheaper British cloth from India
What happened to textile industry in 1890s?
Textile factories built by foreigners and Self Strengthening entrepreneurs like Li Hongzhang
How much did Shanghai factories grow from 1920s to 1940s
1920s Shanghai factories from 30,000 to 131,000 workers by 1930, trade unionism in Shanghai
What impact did textile development have on early industrial development in China? (4 impacts0
. Women in factories (especially in the east)
. Trade unionism
. Anti foreign feeling as domestic economy could not compete
. Urbanisation
When did factory production overtake domestic production?
1936
If Japan got raw materials from China, cheap labour for manufacture and a market for goods what did some Chinese believe would be the benefits for China? (Before Japanese occupation)
. Raw Materials would give China profit
. Manufacturing would train and provide expertise
. Markets would bring in new
. More technical goods
How much did the Japanese invest in Manchuko?
6 billion yen worth of investment
What did Japan build in Manchuko?
Building infrastructure - roads, bridges, railway and canals)
What did Japan provide for Manchuko?
Trade, access to raw materials e.g. mines, telegraph, ports, capitalism
How much did the economy grow in the first 5 year plan?
9%
When was the first 5 year plan?
1952-57
How was the first 5 year plan successful?
Coal, steel, machine tools, trucks, chemicals all exceeded targets.
Infrastructure through capital projects such as Yangtze bridge
How did the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950 help the first 5 year plan?
Brought 10,000 advisors, technology and loans
What extended the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950?
Sino Soviet Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement 1954
What factors allowed the success of the first 5 year plan?
. Food exports (rice bowl of Asia)
. PRC command economy with SOEs (state owned enterprise), slashing defence and administration budgets to pay for economic development, mobilising the masses.
What dates did the electrification of China happen between?
1949-1997
Causes of electrification in early stages
Mao’s First 5 Year Plan and Soviet expertise
What was electrification like until 1977?
Centrally planned but in 1977 CCP devolved to local governments and then put under control of TVAs (Town and Village Areas) in 1983
How was elecrification 1949-1997 successful?
One billion has access by 1999
Issues with electrification
Cities and industry relied on coal (polution) whilst countryside relied on hydroelectric (dams). Shortages.
Did Moa resent technological innovation and why
Technology seen as Western and capitalist, believed in the power of the masses over technology
What even is an example of Mao’s resentment of technological innovation?
Cultural Revolution
How did Mao’s feelings towards technological innovation change?
Opened up to prospect in later life (Zhou Enlai convinced him) e.g. trade with Hong Kong and Nixon visit in 1972
What id Deng credited with?
Bringing China into the 20th Century from 1979+
Where did Deng visit in 1979?
Visited USA and developed trade
What did Deng do?
Encouraged western investment, complied with IMF and World Bank for investment
What did Deng improve relations with?
ZOPFRAN and Japan for trade and investment
What did Deng set up?
SEZs
What did Deng rehabilitate?
Academics imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution
What conference happened in 1985
National Conference on Science and Technology
What did Deng make China a centre of?
Manufacturing
How much did exports increase from and to and give dates?
$10billion to $24billion worth of exports 1978 to 1985
What were SEZs
Special economic zones
What did SEZs start with?
Hong Kong then extended to a range of cities
What incentives did SEZs bring
Tax breaks and limited PRC control to encourage foreign investment, gateways into mainland China
What could the PRC control regarding SEZs
Control foreign influence without restricting foreign investment
What were the main obstacles to economic growth in the 19th century?
Concept of Chinese superiority, status quo and Confucian beliefs, inability to see the benefits of industrialisation, ignorance of foreign development
There was some economic development in the 19th century, such as industrialisation in the eastern port cities and Manchuria, banking and finance. What caused this?
. European traders
. Missionaries
. Imperialist governments e.g. Britain
. Modernising Chinese merchants such as Li Hongzhang
What did the Self Strengthening Movement achieve?
. Munitions (Tianjin Arsenal) and Fuzhou Shipyard
. Coal mines, cotton factories, telegraph and postal service and steamship companies in North East
Self-strengthening banking
Imperial Bank of China to challenge HSBC
Which individuals encouraged the Self Stregthening Movement?
Li Honghzhang and Shen Xuanhuai, also support from Prince Gong in 1898
What caused the May 4th Movement (aka New Culture Movement)?
. Treaty of Versailles (WWI) gave Shandong province to Japan (from Germany)
. Students called for self determination and Chinese sovereignty e.g. get rid of extraterritoriality.
Who was Chiang Kai-shek’s financially significant brother in law?
T.V. Soong
What did T.V. Soong do for tax?
Simplified tax
When did T.V. Soong impact the Chinese financial system?
1926-33
T.V. Soong impact on banks
Regulated banks - savings and deposits increase by 600%
What did T.V. Soong introduce for finance?
. National Debt by selling securities and bonds to public (gave GMD finance)
What did T.V. Soong introduce in 1931?
Shanghai Stock Market
When was the Shanghai Stock Market introduced?
1931
What did T.V. Soong introduce to allow for loans to boost economic development?
National Economic Council
What did set up in 1932 to encourage investment?
Chinese Development Finance Cooperation
When was the Chinese Development Finance Cooperation set up?
1932
Did living standards improve under the GMD?
. Corporation tax generated little revenue
. Other taxation on consumer goods so little revenue
. Low wages and poor safety caused strikes
What did Chiang Kai-shek spent TV Soong’s revenue on
Defence rather than public reform
Why did Mao follow the Soviet model of Communism from 1949, even though he was more commited to empowering the peasants?
1950 and 1954 treaties with USSR brought advisors, loans and technology that Mao needed to initiate communism
When did Mao shift from following Soviet to developing Maoist Marxism and why?
During Sino-Soviet Split post 1953 (death of Stalin) and in particular after 1956 (Khrushchev) Great Leap Forward 1957-62
What did Mao’s ‘Walking on two legs’ refer to?
. Mao wanted China to be self-sufficient and empower the peasants
. Mao was convinced that agriculture could support rapid industrial development if state controlled
Historians suggest Mao reversed global intergration. Please explain.
. Mao’s drive was to break from west
. Great Leap Forward + Cultural Revolution Mao developed Chinese nationalism and economy that despised capitalism
. Contact with westerners was minimal until the early 1970s.
What were Deng Xiaoping’s FOUR Modernisations?
Agriculture, industrialisation, Defence and Science and Technology
Deng developed a ‘One Country, Two Systems’ approach. What does this mean?
China is ideologically based on Communism, but also has capitalism
Define state controlled free market capitalism
Free market economy controlled by the state, e.g. SEZs, state owned enterprise but trades with competition
What were TVEs?
Town and Village Enterprises that were part state/part privately owned.
China became a major food exporter in the 1980s (18 years after Great Famine). How?
By 1983, 98% of the Communes had broken up. Farming became private and surpluses were produced.
Growth rate after four modernisations
9.6% growth rate
Consumerism under four modernisations
Grew e.g. tv and washing machine ownership
How did living standards improve after the Four Modernisations?
Social mobility, urbanisation, privatised schools, education improved
How did living standards decline after the Four Modernisations?
Low wages due to devaluaed currency (yuan kept low to be competetive), rural/urban split, growing gap between rich and poor
