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Higher Design and Manufacture > Materials > Flashcards

Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Strength

A

Ability to withstand forces such as pulling, squashing and twisting.

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2
Q

Toughness/Brittleness

A

Ability to withstand sudden impacts.

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3
Q

Hardness

A

Ability to resist scratches or wear.

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4
Q

Ductility

A

Ability to be deformed by stretching or bending.

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5
Q

Malleability

A

Ability to be compresses and squeezed into shape.

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6
Q

Chemical Resistance

A

Ability to resist corrosion or attack by chemicals.

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7
Q

Conductor

A

Material can carry electrical current and/or heat.

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8
Q

Insulator

A

Material blocks or inhibits electrical current and/or heat.

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9
Q

Physical Properties

A

Size, Density, Surface texture, Friction/slipperiness.

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10
Q

Durability

A

Withstands wear and tear.

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11
Q

Flexibility

A

Bends and twists easily.

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12
Q

Strength-to-weight Ratio

A

A measure of a material’s strength compared to its lightness.

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13
Q

Identifying Materials - Tests

A

Materials can be subjected to scientific tests:

Weight/density,
Strain and stress,
Chemical composition,
Heating

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14
Q

Identifying Materials - Symbols

A

Some materials carry identifying symbols.

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15
Q

Float Test - Weight and Density

A

Materials have different densities which can be tested by floating or sinking the material in liquid such as oil or water.

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16
Q

Scratch Test - Hardness

A

Since materials have different hardness, their exact nature can be determined by scratching the surface and noticing how easy/difficult it is.

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17
Q

Flame Test - Material Type

A

When burned, metals create different coloured flames.

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18
Q

Magnetic Test - Ferromagnetic Metals

A

Some metals can be identified by using magnets. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, etc.

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19
Q

Advantages of Wood

A

Non-toxic,
Very versatile,
Strong,
Inexpensive,
Sustainable if grown properly,
Easy to shape and machine

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20
Q

Disadvantages of Wood

A

Some aren’t durable,
Weatherproofing requires a coating,
Some woods are running out

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21
Q

Hardwoods

A

From deciduous trees (they have leaves). Generally tougher and more durable than softwoods, less sustainable.

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22
Q

Beech (Hardwood)

A

Properties: Hard, Strong, Tough. Bends-well. Mid-brown colour.

Uses: High quality furniture, toys, handles, veneers.

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23
Q

Ash (Hardwood)

A

Properties: Flexible, Tough, Bends well. Yellow colour.

Uses: Tool handles, cricket bats, snooker cues.

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24
Q

Mahogany (Hardwood)

A

Properties: Medium weight, quite strong, easy to work with and durable. Wraps easily. Dark brown colour.

Uses: High-quality furniture, shop fittings, veneers.

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25
Q

Oak (Hardwood)

A

Properties: Hard, tough, heavy and durable. Hardens with age. Mid to dark brown.

Uses: High-quality furniture, garden furniture, boat fitting and decks.

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26
Q

Softwoods

A

From coniferous trees (they have needles). Generally less expensive than hardwoods. Quick-growing trees means that softwoods are usually more sustainable.

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27
Q

Red Pine (Softwood)

A

Properties: Straight grained but knotty. Quite strong, easy to work with. Red-orange in colour.

Uses: Building, construction, requires protection for outdoor work.

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28
Q

Spruce (Softwood)

A

Properties: Straight grained with few knots. Quite strong, easy to work with. Not durable. Pale yellow colour.

Uses: Internal furniture - cupboards, kitchen cabinets.

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29
Q

Manufactured Boards

A

Made in factories from wood and glue. Flat sheets.

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30
Q

Plywood (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Very strong and stable, easy to machine and work. Light/white-yellow colour.

Uses: Furniture, construction and joinery.

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31
Q

Flexi-Ply (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Same as plywood but flexible. Can be bent and curved.

Uses: Curved furniture, high quality cabinets.

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32
Q

Veneered Boards (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Property will be as core material typically chipboard, blockboard or MDF.

Uses: Furniture, worktops, desks, kitchen cupboards

33
Q

Blockboard (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Heavy and strong board made from blocks of wood glued together. Usually veneered.

Uses: Worktops, fire door

34
Q

MDF (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: High strength, easily machined. Takes paint well. Not water proof.

Uses: Furniture, construction and joinery.

35
Q

Chipboard (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Heavy, and strength is dependent on the density of wood chip.

Uses: Kitchen cabinets, worktops and carcasses for furniture.

36
Q

Hardboard (Manufactured Board)

A

Properties: Like hard cardboard. Weak and brittle.

Uses: Low-cost furniture parts: drawer bottoms, cupboard backings.

37
Q

Advantages of Plastics

A

They are low cost,
Very versatile,
Able to be coloured,
Able to be transparent,
Have a range of properties,
Easy to shape and machine

38
Q

Disadvantages of Plastics

A

They are polluting,
Manufacture is also polluting,
They can’t be recycled,
Can degrade over time

39
Q

Thermoplastics

A

Plastics which can be heated and shaped many times.

40
Q

ABS (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Strong, light, durable, scratch-resistant, chemical-resistant.

Uses: Toys, kitchenware, furniture, crash helmets, flight cases.

41
Q

Acrylic (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Stiff, hard, durable, easily scratched and brittle. Coloured or clear.

Uses: Substitute for glass, lenses, signs, cases and jewellery.

42
Q

Nylon (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Durable, tough, easily machined, self-lubricating.

Uses: Bearings, bristles, clothing, gears.

43
Q

Polypropylene (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Tough, semi-rigid, chemical-resistant, can be formed into hinges, electrical resistance.

Uses: Shampoo lids, cases, bottle caps.

44
Q

High-Density Polythene (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Tough, chemical resistant.

Uses: Rigid - buckets, bowls, containers

45
Q

Low-Density Polythene (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Soft, pliable, electrical insulator.

Uses: Flexible - bags (“poly bags”), bottles, cable sheaths.

46
Q

Plasticised PVC (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Soft, flexible, electrical insulator.

Uses: Hoses, cable insulation.

47
Q

uPVC (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Rigid, weatherproof, abrasive resistance.

Uses: Bottles, gutters, window frames.

48
Q

Polystyrene (Thermoplastic)

A

Properties: Light, stiff, water resistant, thermal insulator.

Uses: Food packaging, containers, DVD cases, protective packaging.

49
Q

Thermosets

A

Plastic which can be heated and shaped only once.

50
Q

Urea Formaldehyde (Thermosets)

A

Properties: Stiff, strong, hard, brittle. Excellent electrical insulator.

Uses: Electrical fittings (sockets and plugs), handles, door knobs.

51
Q

Melamine Formaldehyde (Thermosets)

A

Properties: Waterproof, chemical resistance, hard, scratch resistant.

Uses: Laminated worktops, chopping boards, tableware (plates, cups).

52
Q

Elastomers

A

Plastics which are ‘rubbery’ and springy. Can be thermoplastics or thermosets.

53
Q

Rubber/Silicone (Elastomers)

A

Properties: Flexible, water resistant, chemical resistant, impact resistant.

Uses: Seals, cooking utensils (silicone), toys.

54
Q

Additives

A

Mixed with plastics to improve their properties. For example, last longer, easier to work, more colourful.

55
Q

Common Additives

A

Colourings,
UV stabilisers,
Lubricants,
Flame retardants

56
Q

Fillers

A

Added to plastics to ‘bulk’ them out and reduce the amount of polymer being used. Can also increase hardness.

57
Q

Common Fillers

A

Glass bends,
Metal powder,
Sawdust,
Ceramic powder

58
Q

Metals

A

Can be ferrous or non-ferrous,
Shiny when polished,
Excellent conductors of heat and electricity,
Malleable - can be squeezed or hammered flat,
Ductile - can be drawn into thin wires,
Easy to recycle

59
Q

Metals (Types)

A

Ferrous - Contains iron.
Non-Ferrous - Contains no iron.

60
Q

Alloys

A

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals.

Often have more desirable or better properties than pure metals.

Better corrosion resistance, greater strength, improved conductivity.

61
Q

Alloy Examples

A

Brass - Copper & Zinc

Mild Steel - Iron & Carbon

Stainless Steel - Iron, Chromium & Carbon

62
Q

Advantages of Metals

A

Some are low cost,
They are abundant,
Malleable and ductile,
Resistant to heat,
Great strength,
Excellent conductors of heat and electricity

63
Q

Disadvantages of Metals

A

Can be heavy,
Some metals corrode badly,
Finite resource,
Not chemical resistant

64
Q

Zinc (Non-Ferrous Metal)

A

Properties: Soft, ductile and malleable over 100 Degrees Celsius. High resistance to corrosion.

Uses: Galvanising other metals to weather-proof them.

65
Q

Tin (Non-Ferrous Metal)

A

Properties: Soft, ductile and heavy. High resistance to corrosion.

Uses: Coating steel food cans, solder.

66
Q

Aluminium (Non-Ferrous Metal)

A

Properties: Strong and lightweight, corrosion resistant. Can be dyed and coloured.

Uses: Ladders, drinks cans, aircraft bodies, car structure.

67
Q

Copper (Non-Ferrous Metal)

A

Properties: Tough, ductile and malleable, Excellent electrical conductor. Expensive. Bronze colour.

Uses: Coins, pipes for plumbing, electrical wires.

68
Q

Brass (Non-Ferrous Alloy)

A

Properties: Hard, casts well, easily joined, polishes well, corrosion resistant.

Uses: Hinges, door handles, furniture hardware, decorative fittings.

69
Q

Iron/Cast Iron (Ferrous Metal)

A

Properties: Relatively inexpensive, brittle and casts well. Strong but prone to rust.

Uses: Engine parts, vices, machine tools.

70
Q

Mild Steel (Ferrous Alloy)

A

Properties: Malleable and ductile, easy to work with.

Uses: Car bodies, nuts, bolts, screws, tubes, springs, small tools.

71
Q

High Speed Steel (Ferrous Alloy)

A

Properties: Malleable and ductile. Can be hardened and tempered.

Uses: Cutting tools, files, blades, knives, drill bits.

72
Q

Stainless Steel (Ferrous Alloy)

A

Properties: Hard and tough. Corrosion resistant.

Uses: Outdoor frames, cutlery, boat fittings, sinks.

73
Q

Composites

A

Mixture of two separate materials. They combine to give a material with properties that are different from the original components.

74
Q

Glass Reinforced Polymer

A

Matrix: Thermoset,

Reinforcer: Loose or woven glass fibres,

Uses: Sculptures, amusement rides, boat hulls, aircraft bodies

Properties: Lightweight, very strong and corrosion resistant. Able to form many shapes. Smooth outer surface.

75
Q

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer

A

Matrix: Thermoset,

Reinforcer: Woven carbon fibres,

Uses: Car parts, aircraft parts, fishing rods, body armour

Properties: Very light, very strong and corrosion resistant. Resists high temperatures.

76
Q

Advantages of Composites

A

Mega strong,
Mega lightweight,
Corrosion resistant,
Very stable,
Can be made into almost any shape

77
Q

Disadvantages of Composites

A

They are not recyclable,
Hazardous to manufacture,
Difficult to repair

78
Q

Selecting and Justifying Materials

A

Design Factors: Function, performance, ergonomics, aesthetics, market, safety.

Material Factors: Properties, costs, availability, production volume, product complexity, environmental.

Justification: Choose a material, be specific, full sentences, explain.

Higher Design and Manufacture (14 decks)

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