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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Methods for diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis

A

Conductivity (comparison over time and between quarters)
California milk test (detects SCC elevation, crude)
Individual cow somatic cell count

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2
Q

Cut off value for clinical/sub-clinical mastitis?

A

200,000cells/ml

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3
Q

Two key aims in mastitis control

A

Cure of current infections during dry period
Prevention of new intra-mammary infections

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4
Q

Is fore-milking a legal requirement during milking?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Appearance of milk in mastitis

A

Clots
Watery consistency
Colour change (grey/yellow/red)

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6
Q

Common environmental pathogens in mastitis

A

Streptococcus uberis
Staphylococcus species (except S. aureus)
E. coli

Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Serratia
Gram +ve bacilli
Yeast
Protetheca

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7
Q

Common contagious mastitis pathogens

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Mycoplasma spp.

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8
Q

Features of contagious mastitis pathogens

A

Adaption to mammary gland
Can cause persistent infection
Spread between cows at milking

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9
Q

Features of grade 1 (mild) mastitis

A

Milk changes only

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10
Q

Features of grade 2 (moderate) mastitis

A

Milk changes
Inflammatory signs in quarter

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11
Q

Features of grade 3 (severe) mastitis

A

Milk changes
Inflammatory signs in quarter
Systemic signs

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12
Q

Challenges with mastitis treatment

A

Pathogen unknown at time of treatment
Vast majority of cases not treated by a vet
Cow and farm factors, not just antibiotic choice, affect chance of cure

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13
Q

Principles of lactating cow therapy

A

Identify bacterial pathogen
Select suitable antibiotic
Treat for suitable length of time

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14
Q

Ideal route of antibiotics in mastitis

A

Intramammary tubes

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15
Q

Is sensitivity testing usually required for mastitis? Why/why not?

A

No, resistance is not usually a feature of mastitis infections
(85% of S. aureus isolates are sensitive to penicillin)

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16
Q

Ideal duration of treatment with intramammary tubes in mastitis

A

5-8 days (extended = best chance of cure)

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17
Q

Are intra-mammary tubes narrow or broad spectrum?

A

Narrow (penicillin only) or broad

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18
Q

Which pathogens is dry cow therapy aimed at?

A

Gram positive, contagious

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19
Q

Aim of dry cow therapy

A

Treat existing infections at end of lactation

20
Q

Factors to consider when deciding which cows to administer dry cow therapy to

A

Individual cow somatic cell count

High/low cell count herd?
Clinical mastitis history?
Bacteriology?

21
Q

When administering dry cow therapy, are internal teat sealants used in uninfected or infected cows, or both?

A

Both

22
Q

What is considered an ‘uninfected cow’ in dry cow therapy decision making?

A

<200,000cells/ml for last 3 recordings
No clinical mastitis in last 3 months

23
Q

Dry cow therapy for uninfected cows

A

Internal teat sealant only
No antibiotic

24
Q

Dry cow therapy for infected cows

A

Antibiotic with Gram +ve efficacy
Internal teat sealant

25
Q

What is considered an ‘infected cow’ in dry cow therapy decision making?

A

> 200,000cells/ml in 1+ of last 3 recordings
And/or
Clinical mastitis in last 3 months

26
Q

What can internal teat sealants be mistake for at calving?

A

Mastitis (the residual seal)

27
Q

What is ‘summer mastitis’?

A

Disease of dry cows and heifers, can occur in winter

28
Q

What transmits summer mastitis?

A

Hydrotea irritans (sheep head fly), many other things involved though

29
Q

Clinical signs of summer mastitis

A

Hot, hard, swollen, painful quarter
Characteristic foul smell
Cow often lame
Often leads to abortion

30
Q

Prognosis of summer mastitis

A

Poor, quarter often lost

31
Q

Treatment of summer mastitis

A

Systemic penicillin
Regular stripping
May remove teat/cut vertically for drainage

(Intramammary antibiotics useless)

32
Q

Control of summer mastitis

A

Fly avoidance/control
Dry cow therapy
Teat sealants (internal and external e.g. Stockholm tar/tape)

33
Q

Clinical signs of acute toxic mastitis

A

Down cow
Cardiovascular shock signs (injected membranes, dehydrated, tachycardia, tachypnoea, cold extremities)
Temperature increase then decrease to subnormal
Not eating, drinking or milking
Mammary changes (hot, swollen, watery secretion; cow may get sick before udder pathology is seen)

34
Q

Differentials for a down cow

A

Hypocalcaemia
Dystocia
Trauma (nerve injury)
Metritis
(Neurological/toxins)

35
Q

Treatment and prognosis for severe (grade 3) E. coli mastitis

A

Strip quarters
Nursing (lifting if down)
Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs

Poor prognosis (~50% will die)

36
Q

Toxic mastitis/toxic shock syndrome treatment

A

Strip quarters
Nursing (lifting if down)
Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs
IV fluid therapy
Oral fluids (Aggers pump into rumen, circulation poor)

37
Q

What causes blue bag/black bag in ewes?

A

Severe mastitis (gangrenous)
Due to toxins secreted by bacteria

38
Q

Symptoms of subclinical mastitis in the ewe

A

Increased somatic cell count
Underperforming lambs (reduced milk yield)

39
Q

Indirect costs of mastitis in ewes

A

Reduced milk yield and quality
(–> reduced lamb growth rates)

40
Q

Major causative bacteria for mastitis in the ewe

A

Staphylococcus aureus (contagious)
Mannheimia haemolytica
Escherichia coli (environment)

41
Q

Risk factors for mastitis in the ewe

A

Nutrition not meeting energy requirements
Low BCS
Poor hygiene at lambing time (dirty bedding, high stocking densities)
Intramammary masses
Teat lesions
Udder conformation/teat positions
Cross suckling
Older ewes (>4 years)
Maedi Visna
Indoor lambing

42
Q

Treatment for mastitis in the ewe

A

Broad spectrum injectable antibiotics (Amoxicillin or oxytetracycline) for 5-7 days
(Aim to save ewe, not udder)

43
Q

Two most important environmental mastitis pathogens

A

Streptococcus uberis
E. coli

44
Q

Two most important contagious mastitis pathogens

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma

45
Q

Which type of mastitis (environmental or contagious) is more common in the UK and why?

A

Environmental because the 5 point plan has been very effective at preventing contagious mastitis

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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