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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Camelids > Flashcards

Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

How do you listen to respiratory sounds in camelids?

A

Place stethoscope over trachea at thoracic inlet
(Normal lung sounds are muted and difficult to hear)

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2
Q

Normal body temperature for camelids

A

37.5-38.9oC
(Can be as high as 40oC)

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3
Q

Can you elevate a pulse in a camelid?

A

No, there are no accessible arteries

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4
Q

Sites for jugular venipuncture in a camelid

A

Low on neck near thoracic inlet (valves may interfere)
High on neck near ramus of the mandible

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5
Q

How do you achieve gastric intubation in a camelid? Oral cavity or nasal cavity? Why?

A

Via oral cavity (nasal cavity is narrow, can only pass very small tube)

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6
Q

Where do camelids urinate and defaecate?

A

In a communal dung heap

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7
Q

Important point about examination of the oral cavity in camelids

A

They cannot open the mouth very wide so anything beyond a cursory examination is not possible

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8
Q

Normal gastric motility (rumen)

A

3-4 turnovers per minute (increases slightly after feeding)

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9
Q

Common cause of pruritis and anaemia in camelids?

A

Sucking lice

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10
Q

Treatment for a sucking louse infestation in camelids?

A

Avermectin

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11
Q

Treatment for chewing lice infestations in camelids?

A

Topical products produced for use in other species

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12
Q

Treatment for sarcoptic mange in camelids?

A

Ivermectin injections every 7-10 days for 3-4 treatments

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13
Q

What age do camelids most commonly present with a tooth root abscess?

A

2-5 years

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14
Q

Treatment for a tooth root abscess in a camelid

A

Subcutaneous florfenicol every other day

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15
Q

Species adapted coccidia in camelids (4)

A

Eimeria punoensis
Eimeria alpaca
Eimeria lamae
Eimeria macusaniensis

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16
Q

Complication with severe burdens of Haemonchus spp. (GI parasite) and treatment

A

Anaemia
Respond rapidly to blood transfusion from a healthy animal
Treat underlying cause

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17
Q

Test for gastrointestinal parasites in camelids

A

Modified Stoll’s test
(Passive float tests are too insensitive)

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18
Q

Cause of severe colic in camelids

A

Lesions of the distal small intestine or spiral colon

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19
Q

Cause of mild colic in camelids

A

Forestomach problems

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20
Q

What is a common consequence of stress in camelids?

A

Ulceration of the third compartment (C3)

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21
Q

Is camelid immunity to parasitism higher or lower than sheep?

A

Lower

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22
Q

Diagnosis of ketosis in a camelid

A

Measure ketones and blood triglycerides

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23
Q

What (commonly fatal) consequence can camelids suffer from in extreme cases of ketosis?

A

Hepatic lipidosis

24
Q

Do camelids suffer from hyperlipaemia?

A

Yes, as in the horse

25
Q

Do camelids suffer from ketosis?

A

Yes, as in the cow

26
Q

Are camelids always hyperglycaemic or hypoglycaemic?

A

Hyperglycaemic

27
Q

Are camelids well adapted to anaemia? Why?

A

Yes, because they are adapted to a low oxygen environment

28
Q

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma haemolamae in camelids

A

Blood smear made in the field (detach from blood cells in transportation)

29
Q

How does transmission of Mycoplasma haemolamae to camelids occur?

A

Biting insects

30
Q

Clinical signs of acute Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in camelids

A

Inappetence
Sudden weakness
Pyrexia

31
Q

Clinical signs of chronic Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in camelids

A

Lethargy
Weight loss/wasting
Decreased fertility

32
Q

Treatment for camelids clinically affected with Mycoplasma haemolamae

A

Long-acting oxytetracycline, given subcutaneously, every three days for two to five treatments (off-label treatment)

May consider blood transfusion and treat concurrent conditions predisposing to infection (e.g. nutritional deficits)

33
Q

Which GI parasite is colloquially referred to as ‘Barber’s Pole Worm’?

A

Haemonchus contortus

34
Q

Life cycle of Haemonchus contortus in the camelid

A

Larvae in 3rd stomach compartment where they grow into adults and produce large numbers of eggs which are passed in faeces

35
Q

Clinical signs of acute infection of Haemonchus contortus in camelids

A

Collapse
Pale mucous membranes
Hyperpnoea/tachypnoea

36
Q

Clinical signs of subacute infection of Haemonchus contortus in camelids

A

Submandibular oedema (‘bottle jaw’)

37
Q

Clinical signs of chronic infection of Haemonchus contortus in camelids

A

Weight loss
Failure to thrive
Sub-mandibular oedema (‘bottle jaw’)
Lethargy
Weakness
Microcytic anaemia

38
Q

PCV seen with anaemia in camelids

A

<6%

39
Q

Clinical signs of C3 ulcer in camelids

A

Decreased food consumption
Intermittent to severe colic
Tooth grinding (bruxism)
Depression

40
Q

Diagnosis of C3 ulcers in the camelid

A

History and clinical signs

41
Q

Treatment of C3 ulcers in camelids

A

Stress reduction, parenteral antimicrobials and supportive therapy
(+ treatment of primary problem if present)

Oral medication not effective although omeprazole/pantoprazole reduce acid production

42
Q

Are camelids seasonal breeders?

A

No
(However breed seasonally if climate requires it e.g. harsh natural habitat)

43
Q

Gestation length in camelids

A

11-12 months

44
Q

What type of ovulators are camelids?

A

Induced
(Repeated and overlapping follicular waves in absence of mating, prolonged receptivity to male)

45
Q

Ovulation occurs how many hours after mating in camelids?

A

24-48 hours

46
Q

What hormones are produced following mating in camelids that stimulate ovulation?

A

GnRH and LH

47
Q

What is ‘cushing’?

A

Female camelid assumes sternal recumbency if she is receptive to the male (pre-ovulatory follicle present)

48
Q

What is ‘spitting off’?

A

Occurs when female camelid is not receptive to mating (no pre-ovulatory follicle)

49
Q

Why should male camelids be separated from females in the last trimester of gestation?

A

Placental oestrogen production may lead to inappropriate mating attempts

50
Q

Bacterial causes of abortion in camelids (most common, 4)

A

Leptospira
Chlamydia
Listeria
Campylobacter

51
Q

Viral cause of abortion in camelids

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus

52
Q

Protozoal cause of abortion in camelids

A

Neospora

53
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortion in camelids (3)

A

Twinning
Fetal abnormalities
Environmental stressors

54
Q

Top differential in a female alpaca that is between 8-10 months of gestation showing signs of colic with dark mucous membranes, slow CRT, tachycardia and minimal compartmental contraction with fetus moving excessively against the maternal side. Vagina is swollen and moist

A

Uterine torsion

55
Q

Diagnostic tests for uterine torsion (and direction) in a camelid

A

Rectal palpation or exploratory laparotomy
Bloods or imaging to investigate other possible causes of colic

Direction of torsion can be ascertained by palpating displacement of the broad ligament towards opposite side of pelvis to gravid horn

56
Q

Risk factors for uterine torsion South American camelids

A

Large fetal size
Right horn pregnancies
Excessive rolling in late gestation

57
Q

Treatment of uterine torsion in camelids

A

Surgical correction
Non-surgical correction (roll dam to untwist uterus of transvaginal correction if cervix is sufficiently dilated)

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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