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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious causes of diarrhoea in cows

A

Salmonella
Eimeria spp.
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
E. coli
Bovine viral diarrhoea cirus
Rinderpest
Clostridium spp.
Nematodes
Yersinia
Malignant catarrhal fever
Secondary to septicaemia

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2
Q

Non-infectious causes of diarrhoea in cattle

A

Nutritional
Poisonous substances
Mycotoxins
Acidosis
Copper deficiency/toxicity
Cobalt +/- selenium deficiency
Secondary to peritonitis

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3
Q

Pathogens that commonly cause scour outbreaks in cattle

A

Salmonella
Acidosis (population level)
Coronovirus (winter dysentry)
Mycotoxins (spoiled feed)

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4
Q

What is always a differential in scour?

A

Salmonella

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5
Q

What age are cattle affected by Eimeria spp.?

A

Pre-weaning from a few weeks old/post weaning

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6
Q

What pathogen can affect calves at any age pre-weaning?

A

Clostridium

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7
Q

Causes of scour in pre-weaning calves <14d of age

A

Rotavirus
E. coli
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

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8
Q

Causes of scour in adult housed cattle

A

Winter dysentery (coronavirus)
MAP (Johne’s)

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9
Q

Differentials for scour in house cattle of any age

A

Salmonella (reportable)
Rinderpest (notifiable)
BVD

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10
Q

What causes death (+/- severe diarrhoea) and haemorrhagic, gas filled small intestines on post mortem in the pre-weaned calf?

A

Clostridium

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Eimeria

A

McMasters

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12
Q

Prevention of Eimeria

A

Oral drench (Diclazuril, Toltrazuril)
Decoquinate in feed
Hygiene (bedding management, stocking densities, group management)

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13
Q

What can cause proliferation of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Sudden diet change

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14
Q

Presentation of winter dysentery (coronovirus)

A

Short lived explosive D+
Highly contagious
Predominantly in winter
Cattle in close confinement

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15
Q

Clinical disease caused by Salmonella

A

Septicaemia (especially calves)
Enteritis
Abortion

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16
Q

Sources of Salmonella infection

A

Brought in animals
Birds
Contaminated feed (birds/rodents)
Contaminated water

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17
Q

Pathophysiology of Salmonella infection

A

Once ingested, Salmonella attaches to mucosal cells and destroys enterocytes
Stimulates inflammatory response and ingested by macrophages/PMNs
Rapid dissemination throughout body including lymph tissue
Bacteraemia

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18
Q

Approach if Salmonella is suspected in cattle

A

Contact APHA (reportable)

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19
Q

Salmonella treatment

A

Trimethoprim sulphonamide (gram -ve)
Meloxicam
Fluids (IV/oral)

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20
Q

Factors predisposing cows to sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Excess starch (high concentrate/slug feeding)
Lack of fibre (dietary sorting/spring grass)
Decreased intake (heat stress/poor cow comfort/poor transition cow management)

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21
Q

Clinical signs of sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Body condition loss
Variable faecal consistency
Reduced rumen contractility/feed intake
Periodic anorexia
Increased faecal contamination of tail/rump/perineum
Ejected cudballs or reduced rumination

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22
Q

Diagnosis of sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Rumen fluid sampling (stomach tube/rumenocentesis)

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23
Q

Differentials for melaena

A

Abomasal ulcers
Bovine petechial fever
Arsenic poisoning
Seminal vesiculitis (male)

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24
Q

Causes of abomasal ulcers

A

Intensely managed herds (diets more acidic due to concentrates)
Maize silage
High yielding dairy cows (first 4-6w of lactation/dry period)
Long term NSAIDs
Lymphosarcoma
Abomasal displacement/volvulus

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25
Clinical signs of abomasal ulcer
Intermittent occult blood in faeces or death from massive haemorrhage Mild abdominal pain Bruxism Sudden onset anorexia Tachycardia
26
Diagnosis of abomasal ulcer
Transabdominal ultrasonography Haematology (PCV determines extent of haemorrhage) Faecal evaluation for occult blood Abdominocentesis (perforated ulcers = large quantities of abdominal fluid)
27
Treatment of abomasal ulcers
Improve dietary intake (food = buffer) Decrease acid secretion (omeprazole) Blood transfusion
28
Aetiology of LDA
(Calving also increases abdominal void)
29
Physiological consequences of L/RDA
(rehydrate cow after fixing DA to resolve)
30
Risk factors for LDA
Calving (especially large calf/dystocia) Ketosis Decreased DMI for any reason Overconditioned cow near calving Any periparturient disease (mastitis/metritis/hypocalcaemia etc.) Big increase in concentrates
31
Surgical approaches to LDA
Right sided (Hannover) Left sided (Utrecht) Bilateral Paramedian Toggle (Grymer-Sterner) Endoscopic (Christiansen)
32
Differential for scour in older ewes
Johnes
33
What causes watery mouth in lambs?
E. coli in young lambs (<4d)
34
Control of watery mouth
Good hygiene Colostrum management (Not prophylactic antibiotic treatment)
35
Clostridia causing sudden death and blood tinged diarrhoea in lambs <3w
Clostridia perfringens Type B/lamb dysentery
36
Control of lamb dysentery
Vaccination of ewes/lambs vaccinated from 2-3w
37
Which lambs are affected by coccidiosis?
Young lambs born early in season 3-12w lambs most at risk
38
Pathogenic Eimeria in sheep
E. ovinoidalis E. crandallis
39
Clinical signs of coccidiosis in lambs
Straining Abdominal pain Diarrhoea +/- blood Dehydration Death Ill thrift/poor growth
40
Protozoal parasite causing disease in young lambs (<10d) and calves, zoonotic with faeco-oral transmission
Cryptosporidium parvum
41
Why do Cryptosporidium levels build up over time?
Oocytes persist in environment and resistant to many common disinfectants
42
Diagnosis of cryptosporidium
Faecal sample/PM
43
Rainbow scour test (calf side)
Rotavirus Coronavirus E. coli Cryptosporidium
44
Which endoparasites do sheep not develop immunity to?
Fluke Haemonchus
45
Which endoparasites do cattle not develop immunity to?
Fluke (Lungworm immunity short lived)
46
Pastures high risk for nematodirus
Pastures grazed by lambs the spring before
47
Which intestinal parasite of sheep is a pre-patent disease?
Nematodirus battus (larvae responsible for disease)
48
Organ affected by nematodirus
Small intestine
49
When is the peak risk period of Telodorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta in sheep?
Mid spring to late autumn
50
Parasites affecting sheep abomasum
Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta Haemonchus contortus Trichostrongylus axei
51
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
52
Nematode affecting abomasum in cattle
Ostertagia ostertagi
53
Nematode affecting small intestine in cattle
Cooperia oncophora
54
Nematode affecting lungs in cattle
Dictyocaulus viviparous
55
Anthelmintic effective against Nematodirus but with lots of resistance
Benzimadazole/BZ/Group 1/White
56
Which anthelmintic is useful for increasing the life of group 1, 2 or 3?
Group 4/Orange/AD
57
Which anthelmintic is a dual active product?
Group 5/purple (Spiriondole and abamectin)
58
How are farms reducing anthelmintic dependence?
Genetics Grazing management (co grazing, sheep follow cattle, adult ewes on high risk pasture) Bioactive forage (chicory)
59
In-refugia population
Population of worms that are not exposed to treatment to dilute eggs produced by anthelmintic resistant worms
60
How can farmers decide when anthelmintic treatment is required?
Pooled faecal egg count (regularly done to track rise) Poor growth: >300epg Clinical disease: >500epg Death: >900epg
61
How should farmers decide which sheep to treat with anthelmintics?
Expected DLWG (underperforming = benefit from treatment)
62
How can anthelmintic resistance be monitored to inform anthelmintic choice?
Faecal egg count reduction test
63
How is an in-refugia population maintained?
Targeted strategic treatment or dose-delay-move
64
How is a faecal egg count reduction test done?
Individual samples pre and post drenching Choose lambs with a high starting FEC (>500epg) Split into 3 groups and worm each with a different class (BZ, LV, ML) Resample lambs in 7-14d (<95% reduction = resistance, <50% reduction = drench failure)
65
How can you reduce risk of type 2 ostertagiosis in cattle?
Worm at housing with ML to remove inhibited O. ostertagi
66
Which common parasite are FECs not useful at detecting and how should they be treated?
Nematodirus Strategic prophylactic treatment with BZ based on larvae peak (forecasts)

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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