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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Why does traumatic reticulopericarditis occur?

A

Pericardium and reticulum are anatomically closely located

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2
Q

Most common pericardial condition in cattle

A

Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis (TRP)/tyre wire disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of traumatic reticulopericarditis

A

Sharp linear metallic FB ingested
FB penetrates reticular wall, through diaphragm and into pericardial sac (can go elsewhere)
Wire not clean so bacteria tracks through

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4
Q

Effects of traumatic reticulopericarditis on cardiac function

A

Cardiac tamponade: reduced CO, forward failure
Progresses to CHF: backward cardiac failure (oedema)

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5
Q

History in TRP

A

Milk drop
Non-specific illness, appears to resolve and recur
Inappetance
Tachycardia (present at cardiac failure)

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6
Q

Early presenting signs of TRP

A

Pain (abducted elbows, wither test positve, arched back)
Rubbing/friction sound on auscultation
Tachycardia
Pyrexia
Heart sounds (can change daily: splashing, tinkling, muffled, clear)

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7
Q

Later presenting signs of TRP

A

Muffled heart sounds bilaterally
Difficult to palpate apex beat
Pyrexia
CHF signs (jugular distension, ventral oedema, tachycardia, dyspnoea, injected scleral vessels)

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8
Q

What are the likely (non-specific) findings in bloodwork for a cow with TRP?

A

Leukocytosis
Hyperfibrinogenaemia
Hyperglobulinaemia (increased TP)
Neutrophilia
Elevated liver enzymes

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9
Q

Diagnostic method of choice for TRP

A

Ultrasound

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10
Q

Ultrasound technique looking for TRP

A

ICS3-5 on both sides
Rectal scanner can be used

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11
Q

Ultrasound findings in TRP

A

Purulent fluid in pericardial sac (+/- fibrin)

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12
Q

Why is pericardiocentesis not performed in cows with suspected TRP in the UK?

A

Done in US to differentiate causes but this isn’t necessary in UK so (potentially fatal) risks not justified

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13
Q

Post mortem findings in TRP

A

Thickened pericardium
Fibrin (grey material)

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14
Q

Treatment of TRP in early stages

A

Magnet placed using bolus applicator
Amoxicillin/oxytetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotics)

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15
Q

Treatment of TRP in late stages

A

Prognosis poor to hopeless, euthanasia on welfare grounds

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16
Q

Prevention of TRP

A

Due diligence regarding silage and feed management
Do not use tyres to hold tarp on feed
Magnets (cheap, £2-4)

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17
Q

How does bacterial endocarditis occur?

A

Chronic bacterial infection elsewhere
Adhesion to endothelium, predilection sites of tricuspid and bicuspid valve

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18
Q

Bacteria that can cause bacterial endocarditis

A

Truperella pyogenes
Also staphs, streps and G -ves

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19
Q

At which intercostal space can you auscultate the pulmonary valve in a cow?

A

3rd ICS, left side

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20
Q

At which intercostal space can you auscultate the aortic valve in a cow?

A

4th ICS, left side

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21
Q

At which intercostal space can you auscultate the mitral valve in a cow?

A

5th ICS, left side

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22
Q

At which intercostal space can you auscultate the tricuspid valve in a cow?

A

3rd ICS, right side

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23
Q

What are the murmur grading systems in cows?

A

5 point or 6 point

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24
Q

Clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

Murmur +/- palpable thrill
Persistent tachycardia
Ill thrift
Milk drop, may be episodic

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25
Q

What may you find on haematology of a cow with bacterial endocarditis that you don’t typically find with TRP?

A

Non-regenerative anaemia
(Other blood findings similar)

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26
Q

What does this echocardiography image show?

A

Enlarged valve (due to bacterial endocarditis)

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27
Q

How would you perform a blood culture for bacterial endocarditis? (Not commonly done)

A

Repeat samples, 3 different sites over 1 hour

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28
Q

What is found on post mortem of bacterial endocarditis?

A

Valve rough and irregular, reddened
Small abscesses elsewhere (liver, kidney)

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29
Q

What is this rare finding and would it cause a murmur?

A

Mural endocarditis, would present as a murmur

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30
Q

Treatment of bacterial endocarditis

A

Long term antibiotic therapy (3w, penicillin/amoxicillin)
Furosemide if CHF present
Analgesia

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31
Q

Prognosis of bacterial endocarditis

A

Guarded (return to normal HR/sounds is a good prognostic indicator, better if diagnosed and treated early)

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32
Q

What is usually recommended if CHF is found in a cow with bacterial endocarditis?

A

Euthanasia due to poor prognosis

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33
Q

Prevention of bacterial endocarditis

A

Keep cows healthy (associated with bacterial infection), no specific preventative measures

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34
Q

Is congenital cardiac disease in calves common or uncommon?

A

Uncommon, but virtually all defect types reported

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35
Q

Presenting signs of congenital cardiac disease

A

Murmurs
Poor growth
Increased RR/effort
Cough

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36
Q

Most common congenital cardiac abnormality in a cow?

A

Ventricular septal defect

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37
Q

Do cows normally have a single cardiac congenital defect?

A

No, usually multiple

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38
Q

What is the prognosis for multiple congenital cardiac abnormalities?

A

Poor

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39
Q

Murmur associated with ventricular septal defects in cows

A

Pansystolic (R > L)
Lower grade = larger defect (less turbulence)

40
Q

Prognosis of ventricular septal defect in a cow

A

Reasonable if small defect and not in CHF

41
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD + pulmonary stenosis + RV hypertrophy + overriding aorta

42
Q

Are atrial septal defects common or uncommon in cows?

A

Uncommon

43
Q

What rare condition causes the heart beat to be visible in the neck region? What is the prognosis?

A

Ectopia cordis
Hopeless prognosis, euthanasia necessary

44
Q

Effect of hyperkalaemia on the heart

A

Bradyarrhythmias

45
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Severe, acute diarrhoea (neonatal calves)
Urinary obstructions (older male calves, male sheep and goats)

46
Q

What causes white muscle disease?

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

47
Q

What effect can white muscle disease have on the heart?

A

Myocardial damage can be focal, multifocal or diffuse

48
Q

Top differential for dramatic and bilateral epistaxis

A

Caudal vena cava syndrome

49
Q

Differentials for a cow with epistaxis

A

CVCS
Anticoagulant rodenticides
Coagulation disorders
Local trauma
Nasal obstruction (foreign body)
Ethmoid carcinomas
Nasal granulomas
Toxicities
Thrombocytopaenia (immune-mediated)
Congestive heart failure
Aspergillosis
Malignant catarrhal fever

50
Q

Toxicities that cause epistaxis in cows

A

Ethylene glycol
Bracken

51
Q

Broad categories (3) that cause thrombocytopaenia

A

Platelet consumption
Decreased platelet production
Platelet destruction

52
Q

Conditions that commonly lead to platelet consumption in the cow

A

Sepsis
DIC

53
Q

Conditions that commonly lead to decreased platelet production in the cow

A

Aplastic anaemia
Infiltration of marrow with neoplastic cells

54
Q

Most common causes of immune mediated thrombocytopaenia

A

Drug treatment (penicillin)
Lymphosarcoma
Systemic bacterial infections

55
Q

Does malignant catarrhal fever cause a true epistaxis?

A

No, sloughing and ulceration of nasal tissue

56
Q

What is caudal vena cava thrombosis?

A

Occlusion of vein by ‘white’ thrombus (abscess adjacent to caudal vena cava that ruptures)

57
Q

Infectious agents that most commonly causes caudal vena cava thrombosis

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Arcanobacter pyogenes
(Concomitant pathogens: Streptococci, Staphylococci and E. coli)

58
Q

What is thrombosis of the cranial vena cava usually attributable to?

A

Thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein

59
Q

Common clinical signs of caudal vena cava syndrome

A

Chronic weight loss
Poor condition
Intermittent fever
Respiratory signs

60
Q

Less common signs of caudal vena cava thrombosis

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage
Ascites
Sudden death

61
Q

Most important diagnostic finding in caudal vena cava syndrome

A

Dilation of caudal vena cava seen via ultrasonography (normally appears triangular but circular in CVCS)

62
Q

Prognosis of caudal vena cava syndrome

A

Poor, no treatment

63
Q

Causes of acute haemorrhage in cattle

A

Clotting disorders
Neoplasia
Injury/trauma

64
Q

When is a blood transfusion indicated in a cow?

A

PCV <10%

65
Q

Is cross matching required in cow blood transfusions?

A

No, unnecessary as transfusion reactions after a single administration of blood is rare and mild

66
Q

Over what time should a blood transfusion be given to a cow?

A

30-60 minutes

67
Q

Does bracken fern toxicity happen due to small or large amounts of bracken?

A

Large amounts ingested over several weeks (may die up to 6 weeks after ingestion)

68
Q

What virus has strains which can cause thrombocytopaenia?

A

Acute BVDV (usually asymptomatic)

69
Q

How can mycotoxins cause thrombocytopaenia?

A

Trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, readily colonise fodder and damp cereal crops stored in temperate climate

70
Q

What is referred to as ‘bleeding calf syndrome’?

A

Bovine neonatal pancytopaenia (calves <1m, pyrexia, unexplained haemorrhage)

71
Q

Which breed of cattle suffer from inherited bovine thrombopathia?

A

Simmental

72
Q

Complex syndrome in which pathological intravascular coagulation occurs

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

73
Q

How does multisystem organ failure occur in DIC?

A

Formation of multiple thrombi in microcirculation causes ischaemia

74
Q

Why does bleeding occur in DIC?

A

Excessive consumption of platelets

75
Q

What disease processes can DIC be secondary to?

A

Septic mastitis
Septic metritis
Clostridial infections
Abomasal displacement (particularly right sided displacement with torsion)

76
Q

Causes of blood loss that can lead to anaemia in cow

A

Abomasal ulcers
Parasites
Trauma
Surgical procedures
Post partum period
Caudal vena cava syndrome

77
Q

Most common parasite involved in blood loss/anaemia

A

F. hepatica (liver fluke)
Anaemia more common in sheep and rare in cattle, whole herd/flock likely to be afected

78
Q

How do liver fluke cause anaemia in cows?

A

Hepatic haemorrhage (death more common than anaemia)

79
Q

When can blood loss/anaemia occur in post partum period? What is the cause?

A

<10 days after calving
Phosphorous deficiency

80
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia in cows

A

Babesiosis
Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
Mycoplasma wenyonii

81
Q

Top clinical sign of all causes of haemolytic anaemia in cows

A

Haemoglobinuria

82
Q

Treatment for babesiosis

A

Imidocarb dipropionate
(+/- blood transfusion and appropriate tick control)

83
Q

What is the vector for babesiosis?

A

I. ricinus

84
Q

Strains of babesia seen in the UK

A

B. divergens
B. major

85
Q

Why is post parturient haemoglobinuria less common nowadays?

A

High quality nutrition (caused by phosphorous deficiency)

86
Q

Treatment for Mycoplasma wenyonii

A

Oxytetracycline or macrolides
(+/- immunosuppressive doses of steroids and blood transfusion)

87
Q

Prognosis of IMHA due to M. wenyonii

A

Guarded (poor treatment response and carriers)

88
Q

Parasite of red blood cells that causes a regenerative IMHA

A

Mycoplasma wenyonii

89
Q

Parasites that cause covert blood loss in sheep (chronic infection)

A

Haemonchus contortus (Barbers pole worm)

90
Q

Treatment of Haemonchus contortus in sheep

A

Ivermectin
New paddock?

91
Q

Differentials for haemolysis

A

Toxins (onions/brassica feeding, copper)
Parasitism of RBCs
IV injection of hyper/hypotonic solutions
Bacterial toxins
Water intoxication

92
Q

Causes of water intoxication

A

Excess Na ingestion with adequate water intake
Normal Na ingestion with inadequate water intake
Consumption of high Na water
Administration of hypertonic oral electrolytes

93
Q

Pathophysiology of water intoxication

A

Dehydration results in hypernatraemia
Hypernatraemia results in net movement of water extracellularly
Rapid reintroduction of water causes rapid movement back into intracellular compartments
Cerebral oedema and intravasular haemolysis

94
Q

Clinical signs of water intoxication

A

Thirst
Somnolence
Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Rumen stasis
Diarrhoea
Mucoid faeces
Nasal discharge
Convulsions
Found dead

95
Q

Treatment of water intoxication

A

Restrict water intake (little and often)
Corticosteroids to reduce CNS oedema
Frusemide to support kidney function
IV fluid therapy at modest rate

96
Q

Prevention of water intoxication

A

Maintain fresh, clean water intake
If salt-limited feeds are offered anticipate the changes in water intake associated with weather
Ensure appropriate oral electrolytes are used where appropriate

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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