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VT APC > Masterplanning > Flashcards

Masterplanning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of masterplanning and urban design?

A

To set out a vision and framework for the planning and development of large or otherwise complex areas of land. This might be both for greenfield development and for regeneration purposes.

Masterplans are overarching documents in planning that define spatial layout to structurer land use and development.

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2
Q

What does masterplanning typically involve?

A

Planning of:

  • Land uses
  • Grey and green infrastructure
  • Scale and density
  • Phasing
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3
Q

What is masterplanning linked to?

A
  • Political and social processes
  • Funding and financial planning
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4
Q

What is urban design?

A

It is concerned with the three and four dimensional designed characteristics of spaces and places and groups of buildings, rather than individual buildings or sites.

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5
Q

What is urban design said to be?

A

Primarily an art but the science of placemaking is also important in terms of human behaviour and psychology and aspects related to green or grey infrastructure.

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6
Q

What information is required to prepare masterplans and urban design strategies and schemes?

A
  • Site / building (opportunities, constraints)
  • Permeability
  • Infrastructure and serviceability (grey like roads and transport, green like natural habitats)
  • History
  • Design character
  • Legibility
  • Local planning policy (consideration of what the local area needs, will dictate land uses)
  • Funding arrangements (what is your budget)
  • Political scene (Labour are favouring the delivery of affordable housing)
  • Environmental issues
  • Market knowledge
  • Land ownership, acquisition and disposal arrangements
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7
Q

What are the objectives of masterplans and urban design?

A

To set out the vision for a site and a framework for the design team to deliver within.

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8
Q

Why are masterplans phased?

A

Funding - Generally speaking profit from first phase will help to deliver later phases as capital is recycled

Market absorption - You might struggle to sell / lease 6,000 homes if all launched to the market at the same time

Market demand - MM will need to be launched at the correct time in the market

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9
Q

What is the government body for housing?

A

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

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10
Q

Who leads the MHCLG?

A

Angela Rayner

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11
Q

What are some of the key NPPF changes to housing supply?

A

Reinstating the requirement for a 5 year housing land supply:

  • 5% and 20% buffers to 5 year housing supply reinstated
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12
Q

What are some of the key NPPF changes to the green belt?

A

Historically green belt boundaries only changed in exceptional circumstances, that now includes not delivering housing.

Where LPAs cannot demonstrate a five year supply of housing, or where the Housing Delivery Test indicates the delivery of housing was below the 75% requirement over the previous three years, development can be on green belt land.

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13
Q

What are some of the key NPPF changes to design?

A

References to ‘beautiful’ has been removed as it was too subjective.

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14
Q

What is the introduction of the grey belt?

A

Relaxes some restrictions on PDL (Previously Developed Land) and widens definition of appropriate development.

  • PDL is still prioritised
  • Introduces grey belt (land in green belt comprising PDL and other land that doesn’t contribute to the five green belt purposes)
  • If LPA can’t demonstrate 5YHLS, development on green belt won’t be inappropriate
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15
Q

What does the proposed NPPF state about plan making?

A
  • Plans at examination will continue
  • Plans at advanced stage will continue
  • Plans at earlier stage should be revised against new NPPF
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16
Q

What is the government’s UK housing target?

A

1.5 million homes in next 5 years

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17
Q

What is the government’s London housing target?

A

80,000 new homes per annum

Lower than 100,00 target set by Toris

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18
Q

What are AH targets?

A

60% of new housing to be affordable

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19
Q

What are AH minimum requirements?

A

Varies across different LPAs:

  • London: 10%
  • Newham: 35%
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20
Q

Provide an example of when you have contributed to a masterplan?

A

Community Use Strategy

  1. Reviewed the HPA to understand the quantum of community space committed to
  2. Reviewed community consultation material –> 15-minute city
  3. Cross checked with NC’s Community Wealth Building Strategy (2022) and The Royal Docks Placemaking Strategy (2022) –> upskilling, wealth building, 15-minute city
  4. Plotted community uses across the masterplan
  5. Submitted to LBN for approval
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21
Q

What quantum of community use space had you committed to?

A

750 sqm

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22
Q

What use class is community space?

A

F2

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23
Q

What priorities were outlined in the community engagement and consultation that you used to inform the strategy?

A
  1. Cultural offer (affordable events / open space for events)
  2. Community infrastructure (health facilities / youth facilities / leisure facilities)
  3. 15-minute city
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24
Q

What did the consultation entail?

A

15 local stakeholders
7 months
8 events
700 attendees

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25
Q

What priorities were outlined in Newham Council’s Community Wealth Building Strategy (2022)?

A
  • Create wealth
  • Retain benefits locally
  • Upskilling and supporting local businesses
  • Improving housing, health, air quality
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26
Q

What priorities were outlined in The Royal Docks Placemaking Strategy (2022)?

A
  • Upskilling
  • Wealth-building
  • 15-minute city
  • Silvertown as ‘significant future place’ for hyper local stakeholders to collaborate for ‘15-minutes’ as stated in the Local Plan
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27
Q

How did all of this information inform the strategy?

A

I plotted a community café, hall and exhibition space across the masterplan:

  • Hall in Victoria Gardens for gathering
  • Exhibition space along NWR where there is high footfall
  • Cafe near dock where water will also be activated
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28
Q

Can you provide another example where you contributed to a masterplan?

A

Community Consultation for Plot 78

  1. Presented masterplan at a community consultation
  2. Consultation was for Plot 78 so important to understand wider masterplan as it informed design of plot
  3. Reviewed industrial history and planning history to ensure I could explain these
  4. Reviewed each neighbourhood area
  5. Mentioned that plot is within desire line between Grade II listed building and link to public transport
  6. Very desirable place to be
  7. Enabled public to understand in context of masterplan and provide context on its design
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29
Q

How does the masterplan inform the plot design?

A

The masterplan design code sets out that plot architecture should strengthen the industrial character of the site

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30
Q

What do you mean by desire line?

A

Preferred route someone would take

The plot is situated on a desire line between MM / Silo D and DLR

It is a prime location within the masterplan and very accessible to all different parts of the site / activity

31
Q

Can you provide an example where you have advised on a masterplan?

A

Plot Configuration of GHKL

  1. Analysing impacts of site constraints on four plots in Silvertown to find optimal configuration
  2. Liaised with resi team to understand key design and viability metrics (GEA, dual aspect)
  3. Liaised with infra team to understand utility requirements, dock wall loading limits, location of manholes
  4. Undertook optioneering exercise with masterplan architect

Advice:
- Set one plot back from dock wall to reduce the need for reinforcement
- Straighten utilises corridor to allow space for additional GEA as plot can be pushed out

32
Q

What is dual aspect?

A

Housing Design Standards (2023):

All new dwellings must be dual aspect (have openable windows on two external walls, either opposite or adjacent to eachother)

33
Q

What were the dock wall loading requirements?

A

The plot must be set back 9 metres from the dock wall to avoid reinforcement

34
Q

Provide another example where you have advised on a masterplan?

A

Non-Residential Floorspace

  1. LBN concerned with quantum of non-resi floorspace
  2. Reviewed argument it was not aligned to LBN Local Plan (2018) town centre hierarchy
  3. Instructed agents to prepare reports demonstrating demand for non-resi floorspace

ADVICE:
- There is demand, driven by lack of amenities and scale of scheme proposed
- Further advised the delivery of non-residential floorspace with not detract from nearby ‘town centres’ due to a different proposed offering

E.g. Canning Town (lots of resi development so convenience to cater for them), Canary Wharf (lots of commercial so more comparison brands, less local)

The ST offering would be convenience but local operators to cater for people living and working onsite

35
Q

Please explain the town centre hierarchy?

A

Newham Local Plan (2018)

  • Metropolitan Centre on way to becoming a International Centre
  • Major Centre
  • District Centre
  • Local Centre
36
Q

What is Regulation 19?

A

Update to a Local Plan, three stages:

  1. Consultation
  2. Draft Plan
  3. Draft Plan for submission
37
Q

What are the different use classes?

A

Commercial - E
Residential - C
Retail - E
Leisure - E
Community - F2

38
Q

Masterplanning is a vision and strategy for what?

A

Design framework for land uses, green and grey infrastructure

39
Q

What is the difference between a design guide and a design code?

A

Design code: Regulatory framework and illustrative document with detailed design parameters (often produced at outline) e.g. land uses, character areas, typologies, landscaping, materials

Design guide: Not mandatory to follow but outline deliverables, principles, standards and opportunities to follow on a projects scope

40
Q

What is a garden city?

A

Founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1990

  • Union of town and countryside
  • Mixed-tenure homes and housing types
  • Dev that enhances the natural environment, a comprehensive green infrastructure network, net biodiversity gains, that uses zero-carbon and energy positive technology
  • Separated by the greenbelt
  • E.g. Letchworth Garden City in Hertfordshire
41
Q

What is placemaking?

A

The process that improves the quality of public spaces and the lives of people who use them

Involves:
- Community
- Anchoring (key arts institution)
- Activating (visual/performing arts into the public realm)
- Fixing (taking vacant spaces and treating them as a new opportunity for projects)
- Planning (use arts and creative community meeting strategies to get stakeholder input for community design)

42
Q

What are some examples of how placemaking can be implemented?

A
  • Prioritises people over infrastructure
  • Landscaping
  • Open space / play space
  • Wayfinding
  • Key buildings on corners
  • Entrance features
  • Environmental features
43
Q

What is good placemaking?

A

A multi-phased approach to planning, design and management of public spaces that promotes wellbeing. Incorporates architecture / sustainability / layout.

44
Q

What is the purpose of a parameter plan?

A
  • Establishes the outline consent
  • Parameters for development
  • Storey heights / land uses
45
Q

What is the difference between strategic and project masterplanning?

A

All masterplans require infrastructure, planning, consultation etc.

Strategic relates to regeneration / large scale
Project is site focussed and has definable boundaries

46
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Large scale growth to promote economic growth and quality of life

An example includes The Towns Fund, over £3billion invested across 170 high streets, town centres and local communities in England to boost town centres / support economic and sustainable growth

47
Q

What is green vs grey infrastructure?

A

Green: natural systems (forest, wetlands, SUDs, green corridors)
Grey: structures (dams, pipes, treatment plants, permeable paving, lifecycle costs)

48
Q

What did the NPPF say about good design?

A

130: development focus on quality
134: if a development is not well designed, it should be refused

49
Q

What is a consortium scheme?

A

Mixed use development intended to create opportunity for a group of partners to develop land

50
Q

What is ‘secure by design’?

A
  • Police initiative
  • Designing out crime on schemes
  • E.g. layout of buildings / rear access / parking / lighting
51
Q

What is the Building for Life design code?

A

Homes England have created a Design Code 912th Ed.) for public spaces and neighbourhoods (biodiversity/active travel)

Sets standards for:
- Home / street
- Neighbourhood integration
- Creation of place

52
Q

Can you name any guidance on design?

A

The National Design Guide (2021)

  • Illustrates how well-designed places that are beautiful, enduring and successful can be achieved in practise
  • Emphasises that good design is fit for purpose, durable and brings delight
  • Includes guidance on identity, built form, movement, nature, public spaces, uses, homes and buildings, resources, lifespan
53
Q

What was The Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission (2020)?

A

Independent body that advised government on how to promote and increase the use of high quality design for new build homes and neighbourhoods

  • Ask for beauty
  • Refuse ugliness
  • Promote stewardship (built and natural environment work together)
54
Q

What is the Stirling Prize?

A

RIBA’s top award for design / architecture
2024 winner is to the Elizabeth Line

55
Q

What is urban design?

A
  • The art of designing cities
  • Mass scale architecture to design spaces and places
  • Emphasises human psychology in placemaking
56
Q

How do you design public spaces to a high quality?

A

Movement / flow

57
Q

What is a serviced site?

A

Site prepared for development with access to public highway, utility connections etc.

58
Q

Does current policy override a design code / OPP?

A

No, policy at the time of consent is king

59
Q

What should development proposals seek to do?

A
  • Minimise impact on green / blue infrastructure and utilise this in the greenspace and drainage strategies for the site
  • Retain existing pedestrian / cycle connectivity and create opportunities for improved connectivity with the town and adjacent countryside
  • Minimise the impact on existing historic assets whilst providing opportunities to enhance their setting and afford them greater protection
  • Retain and minimise the impact on wildlife sites and provide new additional habitats and associated connectivity
  • Minimise the impact on existing residential properties
60
Q

What are examples of constraints when masterplanning?

A

Financial:
- Funding
- Financial constraints / budgets

Physical
- Trees
- Levels
- Underground existing utilities
- Easements
- Water
- Height constraints from Airport

61
Q

What are examples of opportunities when masterplanning?

A
  • Proximity to infrastructure (transport / schools)
  • Green infrastructure
  • Topography
  • Views
  • Landscape features
  • Existing access and connectivity
62
Q

What is grey infrastructure? How does it differ from green infrastructure?

A

Green - Strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas. Includes trees, green roofs / walls, parks, private gardens, allotments, SUDs, wildlife areas, woodlands, wetlands and natural flood management functions.

Grey - Human-engineered assets/infrastructure/engineering solutions that provide one or multiple services required by society, such as transportation, wastewater systems, drainage systems, energy supply networks.

Blue - Water features such as ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and storm water provision swales, raingardens, wetlands and canals.

63
Q

What are two types of Masterplan?

A

Strategic Masterplan - How an entire country, region or group of cities might be regenerated. Public sector clients tend to be more likely to undertake strategic masterplans which may be commissioned by a government department or regional board in order to help shape policy.

Project Masterplan - Focused on a specific site with definable boundaries. It might be commissioned by a developer with a piece of land to exploit, or by an estate wishing to tackle a backlog of defects or alter its building stock to respond to changing requirements.

64
Q

What is a neighbourhood area?

A
65
Q

Is community engagement relevant a planning requirement?

A

LPAs must undertake a period of consultation following receipt of an application. This will last 21 days. They will consult lots of groups:

  • Public consultation
  • Statutory consultee
  • Non-statutory consultees

Following consultation, LPAs will consider the representations made by consultees and proceed to decide the application

66
Q

What are statutory consultees?

A

Consulted where there is a requirement set out in law to consult a specific body

67
Q

What is public consultation?

A

Consultation with neighbouring residents and community groups

68
Q

What are non-statutory consultees?

A

Where there are planning policy reasons to engage other consultees who - whilst not designated in law - are likely to have an interest in a proposed development

69
Q

Was LBN concerned the quantum of non-resi floorspace was too big or too small?

A

Too big
- 6,500 sqm Retail
- 14,000 sqm F&B
- 80,725 sqm Office
= 101,000 sqm Commercial

= 730,000 sqm Resi

The Local Plan (2018)

70
Q

What is the Town Centre Hierarchy?

A

The principle is that it secures accessible shopping, services and employment in focused, successful centres across the Borough, reducing trade leakage and that regard should be had to the importance of capacity projections modelled on a borough-wide basis

71
Q

What are the different areas hierarchy?

A
  1. LLDC
  2. Metropolitan Centre (Stratford)
  3. Major Centre (East Ham)
  4. District Centre (Canning Town)
  5. Local Centre (Silvertown)
  6. Local Shopping Parade
72
Q

What is LLDC?

A

Main purpose is to facilitate and coordinate the regeneration of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and surrounding areas in East London, delivering a key aspect of the legacy from the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games

73
Q

What is the purpose of an opportunities / risk evaluation in the context of masterplanning?

A
74
Q

Can you talk me through ways to make urban design more inclusive?

A
  • Reduce speed on roads e.g. 20mph is now speed limit on all roads in London (inclusivity has historically been an afterthought)
  • 7% mode share is the magic number where 50% of cyclists become women (feels safe and comfortable for everyone)
  • Eyes on the street (improve pedestrian experience with surface treatments, colour contrasts, steps, ramps and seats for accessibility / mobility) (increased number of people on street lowers crime rate, eyes on the street, natural surveillance, lower speed limits and motorists also increases eyes) (e.g. Gov introduced StreetSafe, an online mapping tool where public can flag where they don’t feel safe to the police (in order to tackle voilence against women) - such as street lights not working / vandalism / anti social behaviour)
  • Greater diversity (In 2022, a Design Council report published that only 23% of UK design workforce is female - we need greater diversity in designers, transport commissioners, mayors of cities)
  • Sense of place (three elements: 1. built infrastructure surrounding the public realm, 2. history of the space 3. future functions of that space) (E.g., EP - council estate regeneration that has generates a sense of place)

VT APC (20 decks)

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