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MasterYachts_JP > Master Yachts | Navigation, Radar, ARPA > Flashcards

Master Yachts | Navigation, Radar, ARPA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula to determine distance, speed or time?

A

Distance = Speed x Time

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2
Q

What is the most common form of chart projection and used for navigation?

A

Mercator Projection.

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3
Q

What are two disadvantages to the Mercator Projection?

A

Distances over 600miles, a rhumb line will no longer represent the shortest distance. And, when measuring distance it must always be on on the latitude scale adjacent to the area.

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4
Q

What is the most widely used Geographic (geodetic) datum?

A

WGS 84.

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5
Q

In what publication can you find useful guidance concerning chart source data?

A

NP100 - Mariners Handbook

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6
Q

How will a rhumb line and great circle route appear on a Gnomonic projection chart?

A

The rhumb line will appear as an arc and the great circle as a straight line - the opposite will occur on a Mercator projection chart.

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7
Q

How is a bearing quoted when taking a bearing of a terrestrial object?

A

Bearings are quoted away from the terrestrial object, unless stated otherwise.

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8
Q

How would you determine most suitable route when planning a passage? What source material would you use?

A

Sailing directions can provide text when passing particular obstructions, conspicuous landmasses, shallow patches. Consult Ocean Passages of the World if ocean route.

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9
Q

How would you define contingency arrangements when planning a passage?

A

Use ‘what if’ scenarios: berth not available, insufficient height of tide, port closed. Plan anchorage for such circumstances,

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10
Q

When might it be reasonably expected to plan for variation changes during passage planning and appraisal phase?

A

On long ocean voyages it may be necessary to look ahead and calculate variation at appropriate positions.

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11
Q

All ECDIS hardware systems must conform to display and data transfer standards as laid down by the IMO and agreed to by the IHO, why is this?

A

This is to ensure that no one manufacturer or supplier can create a monopoly.

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12
Q

When using type approved Raster navigational charts (RNCs), what else must also by used in conjunction?

A

An appropriate folio of up-to-date paper charts.

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13
Q

What IHO standard are vector charts produced to?

A

S-57 standard.

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14
Q

What is an ECDIS Base display?

A

This will only display items that cannot be de-selected by the user.

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15
Q

What is ECDIS Standard display?

A

Use for gaining an overview of a coastal route. The degree of detail is not considered sufficient for creating an approach to or passage in coastal waters.

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16
Q

What is the most important safety setting in an ECDIS?

A

Safety contour - once set this will determine the values chosen for the shallow and deep contours.

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17
Q

The Safety contour will be highlighted as a bold line and will generate an alarm if the vessel enters that area, what considerations are there when determining the ECDIS Safety contour?

A

Ships speed, squat, tidal height - this should be considered a dynamic setting in light of the actual conditions.

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18
Q

What is a commonly used formula to determine squat?

A

For speeds between 2kts and 20kts - (speed² x Cb) / 50

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19
Q

Define shallow contour.

A

May be next lowest contour below Safety contour. Permits user to estimate contour of sea bed

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20
Q

What is the Deep contour?

A

Selecting value as twice the draught will provide an indication of the region where the effects of squat may be experienced.

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21
Q

Some manufacturers also have a Safety contour setting, how may this be set within the ECDIS?

A

This can be same value as Safety depth, and Safety depth then reduced to actual draught.

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22
Q

When a planned track is entered into the ECDIS, wheel over positions and arc are generated, when is the manoeuvring characteristics input into the system?

A

These are input on installation, however facility exists for users to amend vessel speed, rate of turn or turn radius as appropriate.

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23
Q

What is the margin of safety?

A

It is a region each side of the track which will always be safe. This can be set for each leg of a passage.

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24
Q

What are annotations in reference to ECDIS?

A

These are notes to parts of the plan to act as prompts. They may be displayed on the screen or remain hidden until appropriate symbol is interrogated.

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25
Q

What pattern of tides are experienced in the Atlantic and European waters?

A

Semi-diurnal tides - period between high tides is approximately 12 hours and 50 minutes.

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26
Q

When is SFC (specific fuel consumption) data for propulsion units first compiled and what is calculated?

A

This is calculated from trial data and gives weight of fuel consumed per hour at various loads

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27
Q

A graph will be produced from the SFC (specific fuel consumption) data, what will this indicate?

A

Most economical power output for that engine, and maximum power output that the manufacturers have stipulated for continuous service - normally 90% maximum effective range (MER)

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28
Q

How fast does a pulse generated from radar travel?

A

The pulse is an electro-magnetic radio wave travelling at the speed of light.

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29
Q

What is the typical beam width for marine radars?

A

0.5 to 2 degrees in horizontal plane, and, between 20 and 30 degrees in the vertical plane.

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30
Q

What is a magnetron?

A

This converts electrical energy into microwave radio energy. Magnetrons have a limited lifespan, however new developments in solid state devices should make them more reliable.

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31
Q

How long are S-band and X-band scanners?

A

S-band typically 3.8 metres, and, X-band 2 metres

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32
Q

Radar performance is based on certain atmospheric conditions, what are they?

A

Temp: 15 degrees C
Air Pressure: 1013mb
Humidity: 60%

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33
Q

What is range discrimination?

A

The ability of the radar to differentiate targets depends on pulse length. To counter this, at low ranges the pulse length automatically changes in order to discriminate between targets.

34
Q

What is bearing discrimination?

A

The ability to display two targets as separate echoes. If two targets are on the same range closer than half a beam width the echoes will overlap

35
Q

What is indirect echo?

A

Caused by reflections from obstructions in path of radar beam. Generated by masts, funnels etc.

36
Q

What are multiple echoes?

A

Caused by the radar pulse being reflected backwards and forwards between two reflecting surfaces before being received by the scanner.

37
Q

What are side lobe echoes?

A

Small amounts of energy escape at an angle to the perpendicular. At lower ranges this can be identified as an arc at the same range as a target.

38
Q

Can a RACONs pulse transmission be received on both S band and X band radars?

A

Yes. The sweep of the bandwidth occurs over a period of 2 mins, a particular transmission sweep cycle lasts 20secs.

39
Q

Explain ‘ships head’ radar orientation.

A

Heading marker aligned with the top of display, changes of course result in targets rotating around the centre.

40
Q

Explain ‘course up’ radar orientation and what input is required.

A

Heading marker aligned with top of display, requires heading input, heading marker will rotate, stabilised setting, bearings are true.

41
Q

Explain ‘north up’ radar orientation and what input is required.

A

Heading aligned with compass heading of vessel, north always at the top, requires heading input, stabilised setting, when vessel changes course heading marker rotates, bearings are true compass bearings.

42
Q

Define ‘relative motion’ on a radar?

A

Relative motion of target is sum of own ship’s true motion through the water, and the radar target ship’s true motion through the water.

43
Q

Define ‘true motion’ on a radar?

A

Own ship’s position moves along the heading marker and resets one quarter of range from edge of display.

44
Q

What is radar ‘sea stabilisation’ and what inputs are required?

A

When the inputs are compass heading and log speed, target motion will be relative to own vessel water track - useful in collision avoidance scenarios.

45
Q

What is radar ‘ground stabilisation’ and what input is required?

A

When the input is vessels own course and speed over the ground (GNSS input) - caution when using for collision avoidance.

46
Q

SAR

What do the following acronyms mean?
1. MRCC
2. OSC
3. SMC

A
  1. Mission Rescue Control Centre or Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre
  2. On-scene Co-ordinator
  3. Search and Rescue Mission Co-ordinator
47
Q

SAR

Radio regulations state to wait a short period when receiving a distress alert on VHF, how long could this be interpreted as and what actions should be carried out when acknowledging?

A

General advice is to wait 30secs before acknowledging and immediately followed by a Mayday relay call to all stations.

48
Q

SAR

If the MRCC is to nominate an OSC, what factors would be taken into consideration?

A
  • ETA at datum
  • Radio communication capabilities
  • Experience of Master and crew
  • Capability of the vessel to carry out a rescue and medical facilities available to that vessel
49
Q

SAR

What factors should be considered when establishing a datum (geographic reference)?

A
  • shift of datum due to wind and current
  • reported position at time of incident
  • time interval between incident and arrival of SAR facilities
  • estimated surface movement of distressed craft
  • any supplementary information such as sightings and DF bearings
50
Q

SAR

What three types of search patterns are used by surface craft?

A
  1. Expanding square search
  2. Sector search
  3. Parallel track search
51
Q

SAR

Upon rescue of casualties, what information should be gathered from a de-brief?

A
  • What caused the distress
  • When did it happen
  • How many people were onboard
  • How long have they been in the water
52
Q

SAR

Who can terminate a search?

A

Only the Master of distressed vessel, or the duty officer at the MRCC

53
Q

SAR

What other duties must the OSC perform?

A
  • Co-ordinate all on-scene communications
  • Make periodic situation reports to MRCC
  • Advise the SMC with respect to number of survivors, location and their condition.
54
Q

LORAN

What Hyperbolic navigational aid is in use and/or still under further development?

A

Loran-C (LOng RAnge Navigation)

55
Q

LORAN

What is the range of the Loran system?

A

1000nm

56
Q

LORAN

Summarise how Loran-C works.

A

Master and slave stations transmit a unique signal, a receiver would indicate its position relative to the transmitters. Transmitters may use a series of pulses to introduce a time delay between master and slave, or use subtly different frequencies.

57
Q

LORAN

What sort of accuracy can be expected?

A
  • +-100m when within 200nm of transmitters
  • +-500m when receiver approaches limits of ground wave coverage
58
Q

LORAN

What is eLoran?

A
  • Enhanced Loran
  • Provide improved positional accuracy
  • An alternative to GNSS due to GPS signal jamming
  • Can provide for data transmission
59
Q

LORAN

What are the possible errors associated with Loran?

A
  1. Atmospheric attenuation
  2. Ionospheric effect
  3. Land effect
60
Q

GNSS

How many NAVSTAR and GLONASS satellites are in orbit at any one time, and how many are used for each that are useble at any one time?

A
  • 24 NAVSTAR - 4 usable satellites
  • 24 GLONASS - 5 usable satellites
61
Q

GNSS

How is the accuracy of time measurement achieved?

A
  • Satellites are aligned to International Atomic Time (IAT) by use of an atomic clock
  • The time for surface receivers are aligned to the rotation of the earth
  • Time is corrected using a mathmatical process known as ‘converging iteration technique’
62
Q

GNSS

DOP (dilution of precision) is assigned a numerical value of 1 to 10, when shall a fix be treated with caution, and when shall a position fix not be used?

A

When the DOP value is 6 it should be treated with caution. When greater than 6 the position fix shall not be used.

63
Q

GNSS

What is DGPS (differential global positioning system)?

A

An earth station compares satellite derived position with actual position and generates correction. This correction is encoded and broadcast on VHF frequency band, and will be received by mobile stations within range of that station.

64
Q

AIS

What are the two classes of AIS?

A
  • Class A - SOLAS vessels
  • Class B - vessels for which AIS is not mandatory
65
Q

AIS

What is static information?

A

Information that would not ordinarily change.
* IMO number
* Name
* Call sign
* Type
* Length
* Beam

66
Q

AIS

What is dynamic information?

A
  • Information that may continuously change
  • Time
  • Position
  • COG
  • SOG
  • Heading information taken directly from Gyro compass or fluxgate, as example
  • Vessel status, such as; berthed, underway etc.
67
Q

AIS

What is voyage related information?

A
  • Draught
  • Destination
  • ETA
68
Q

AIS

What are Safety Related messages?

A

These are short text messages entered manually and transmitted only when required.

69
Q

AIS

The minimum AIS device required by regulations is that of a textual display only, what is another term for this?

A

MKD - Minimum Keyboard Display

70
Q

OCEAN ROUTEING

What would you typically use a professional routeing service for?

A

Advice on shortest route, most economic, shortest time, safest etc

71
Q

OCEAN ROUTEING

What regions of Ocean Routeing charts are available from the hydrographic office?

A
  • North Atlantic
  • South Atlantic
  • Indian
  • North Pacific
  • South Pacific
72
Q

OCEAN ROUTEING

How many Ocean Routeing Charts are available for each region?

A

12 - showing routeing information for each month of the year.

73
Q

OCEAN ROUTEING

What information is displayed on an Ocean Routeing chart?

A
  • Wind roses
  • Ocean currents
  • Ice limits
  • Load lines
  • Shipping routes
  • Chartlets for; tropical storms, winds greater than F7, mean temperatures, mean air pressure, fog, low visibility
74
Q

OCEAN ROUTEING

What nautical publications can be used in conjunction with routeing charts?

A

Ocean Passages of the World, and, Sailing Directions

75
Q

What is PFI and when shall this be set?

A
  • Position Fixing Interval
  • This should be set during Passage Planning phase relevant to a particular section of the passage
76
Q

In what circumstances would you use a Running Fix (transferred position line)?

A

When you only have 1 visual reference point.

77
Q

Explain in brief the Running Fix.

A
  • Take bearing of object with compass - note log and course being steered
  • Take another bearing of the object once there is an appreciable angle
  • Plot first bearing and then plot anywhere on this line course to steer and distance travelled
  • Transfer first position line, parallel down to your second bearing, where it intersects is your position.
78
Q

What are some methods for position fixing?

A
  • Transit
  • 3 point fix
  • Depth
  • Rising and dipping
  • Vertical sextant angles
  • Doubling the angle on the bow
  • Sectored lights
  • Running fix
  • Radar
79
Q

What positioning source input is set for Ground Stabilisation?

A
  • GPS - course
  • GPS - SOG
80
Q

What positioning source input is set for Sea Stabilisation?

A
  • Gyro - course
  • Log Speed - STW
81
Q
A

MasterYachts_JP (18 decks)

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