mass transport in animals

Question 1

what is the structure of haemoglobin

Answer 1

-4 polypeptide chains
-quarternary protein
-O2 binds to Fe2+

Question 2

what is affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?

Answer 2

the ability for oyxgen to attract/bind onto the haemoglobin

Question 3

what is saturation of oxygen with haemoglobin.

Answer 3

the maximum amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can bind onto.

Question 4

what is loading/ association of haemoglobin

Answer 4

when oxygen binds onto haemoglobin

Question 5

what is unloading/dissociation of haemoglobin

Answer 5

when oxygen unbinds from haemoglobin

Question 6

what is meant by the partial pressure of oxygen

Answer 6

concentration of oxygen

Question 7

what is the affinity when the partial pressure is low?

Answer 7

small affinity

Question 8

why is the affinity lower for the 1st O2 molecules

Answer 8

its harder for the oxygen to bind onto the haem group

Question 9

what does the binding of the 1st oxygen molecule do to haemoglobin

Answer 9

creates a conformational change to the quarternary structure.

Question 10

what happens when there’s a conformational change to the haem group?

Answer 10

will allow for greater affinity

Question 11

what is the process in which there is a conformational change in the haem group?

Answer 11

positive co-operativity.

Question 12

why is the partial pressure low in areas near muscle tissue?

Answer 12

cells use it for respiration

Question 13

why does it take longer for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind

Answer 13

shortage of the remaining binding sites

Question 14

which part of the body has a higher affinity for oxygen.

Answer 14

the lungs

Question 15

what happens to the dissociation graph when CO2 is present?

Answer 15

moves to the right

Question 16

what happens when there is an increase in CO2?

Answer 16

it lowers the pH.

Question 17

how does carbon dioxide lower the pH

Answer 17

it produces H+ ions.

Question 18

what is the equation for when CO2 binds to water?

Answer 18

it produces carbonic acid+hydrogen carbonate ions and H+ ions.

Question 19

what happens when H+ ions bind to haemoglobin?

Answer 19

it unloads o2 at a greater rrate.

Question 20

what does it mean when theres a lower affinity?
And why is that?

Answer 20

less oxygen is readily avaliable.
more is being unloaded to the tissues
because the cells are respiring.

Question 21

what way does curve shift to when theres a lower affinity?

Answer 21

moves to thee right

Question 22

what is the cardiac output?

Answer 22

volume of blood that pumps out the heart per time

Question 23

why is the cardiac output higher in athletes/ periods of exercise.

Answer 23

higher cause
more blood is pumped to respiring cells

Question 24

describe the ventricular walls of an athlete

Answer 24

it would be thicker

Question 25

what is the stroke volume?

Answer 25

volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle in one cardiac cycle.

Question 26

how can calculate cardiac cycle?

Answer 26

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 27

what way does the graph shift to when there is a higher affinity?

Answer 27

it moves to the left

Question 28

why does the graph move to the left when theres a higher affinity?

Answer 28

shows that at any given pressure there is greater saturation

Question 29

why is foetal haemoglobin higher.

Answer 29

allows haemoglobin to bind at low pressure. allowing for more oxygen to be supplied to the respiring cells. to growing baby.

Question 30

why do we have a double circulatory system?

Answer 30

manage pressure of blood flow

Question 31

why does blood flow at low pressure to the lungs

Answer 31

prevents damage in capillaries around aveoli enables time for gas exchange

Question 32

why does blood flow at a greater pressure when its pumped to rest of body

Answer 32

so blood reaches respiring cells

Question 33

what are blood vessels in the kidneys called.

Answer 33

renal veins renal arteries

Question 34

why is the heart described as myogenic?

Answer 34

can contract or relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation.

Question 35

what happens to tthe cornary arteries arre blocked

Answer 35

oxygen isnt supplied to the heart wont be able to respire cells die = heart attack

Question 36

what is the name of the valve found in the right side of the half

Answer 36

tricuspid Artiroventricular valves

Question 37

what is the name of the valves found in the left side of the heart

Answer 37

bicuspid atrioventricular valves

Question 38

where are the semi lunar valves located

Answer 38

to the pulmonary artery aorta

Question 39

what is the septum

Answer 39

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 40

what doees systole mean

Answer 40

contracting

Question 41

what does diastole mean?

Answer 41

relaxation

Question 42

what happens when blood enters the atria during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 42

pressure gradient is established cause its higher in atria compared to ventricle

Question 43

what happens to the atriventricular valves when a pressure gradient is established betwwen atria and ventricles

Answer 43

opens

Question 44

what happens to the heart when the AV valves open

Answer 44

atrial systole occurs and pushes blood down to ventricles

Question 45

what happens when the ventricels contarct when blood travels. (ventricular systole)

Answer 45

pressure gradient formed. higher in ventricles lower in atria

Question 46

what happens to the valves during ventricular systole?

Answer 46

AV valves close

Question 47

why does the semi lunar valve in the pulmonary artery and aorta open?

Answer 47

greater pressure in ventricles compared to aorta/pulmonary artery. cause of a pressure gradient

Question 48

when does the semi lunar valves close

Answer 48

pressure in aorta/ pulmonary artery is high compared to ventricle.

Question 49

when does ventricular diastole occur

Answer 49

when blood reaches the aorta

Question 50

what are the coronary arteries

Answer 50

they supply blood/glucose to the heart

Question 51

relate the structure to the functions of the artery

Answer 51

when blood moves at high pressure its elastic walls recoil/ stretch

Question 52

what happens to the elastic walls of the arteries

Answer 52

they recoil/ stretch at high pressure

Question 53

explain one advantage of capillaries being narrow

Answer 53

short diffusion pathway providing for faster diffusion

Question 54

what factor limits the internal diameter of of the lumen of the capillary

Answer 54

endothelial cells are small

Question 55

why is the volume of blood leaving the capillaries into the veins lower than inital volume from arteries

Answer 55

used in tissue fluid

Question 56

what happens when CO2 is produced in the blood

Answer 56

produces H+ ions lower affinity for oxygen as there is more CO2

Question 57

how is tissue fluid formed

Answer 57

when blood is under high hydrostaic pressure from arteries and narrow walls. molecules are forced from holes in capillaries by ultrafiltration

Question 58

what type of pressure is blood formed under to make tissure fluid

Answer 58

hydrostatic pressure

Question 59

what comes out the blood from ultafiltration

Answer 59

amino acids minerals water glucose

Question 60

what doeesn't get filtered from the blood

Answer 60

red blood cells larger proteins

Question 61

why does the hydrostatic pressure fall towards the veins

Answer 61

loss of water

Question 62

explain why high blood pressure causes accumulation of tissue fluid

Answer 62

higher hydrostatic pressure increase of outward pressure frrom arteries reduces inward pressure of ventricles

Question 63

explain why the water pressure is high towards thee end of the veins than arteries

Answer 63

presence of proteins water moves out the blood from capillaries

Question 64

explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid

Answer 64

contraction of ventricles produce high hydrostatic pressure forces water out of capillaries

Question 65

where is excess tissure flud drained into

Answer 65

lymphatic system

Question 66

what happens when thers a blockage in the lymphatic system

Answer 66

excess tissure fluid cant be reabsorbed

Question 67

what does the lympahtic system do

Answer 67

drains excess fluidn n