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biology :} > mass transport in animals > Flashcards

mass transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin

A

-4 polypeptide chains
-quarternary protein
-O2 binds to Fe2+

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2
Q

what is affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?

A

the ability for oyxgen to attract/bind onto the haemoglobin

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3
Q

what is saturation of oxygen with haemoglobin.

A

the maximum amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can bind onto.

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4
Q

what is loading/ association of haemoglobin

A

when oxygen binds onto haemoglobin

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5
Q

what is unloading/dissociation of haemoglobin

A

when oxygen unbinds from haemoglobin

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6
Q

what is meant by the partial pressure of oxygen

A

concentration of oxygen

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7
Q

what is the affinity when the partial pressure is low?

A

small affinity

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8
Q

why is the affinity lower for the 1st O2 molecules

A

its harder for the oxygen to bind onto the haem group

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9
Q

what does the binding of the 1st oxygen molecule do to haemoglobin

A

creates a conformational change to the quarternary structure.

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10
Q

what happens when there’s a conformational change to the haem group?

A

will allow for greater affinity

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11
Q

what is the process in which there is a conformational change in the haem group?

A

positive co-operativity.

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12
Q

why is the partial pressure low in areas near muscle tissue?

A

cells use it for respiration

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13
Q

why does it take longer for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind

A

shortage of the remaining binding sites

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14
Q

which part of the body has a higher affinity for oxygen.

A

the lungs

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15
Q

what happens to the dissociation graph when CO2 is present?

A

moves to the right

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16
Q

what happens when there is an increase in CO2?

A

it lowers the pH.

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17
Q

how does carbon dioxide lower the pH

A

it produces H+ ions.

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18
Q

what is the equation for when CO2 binds to water?

A

it produces carbonic acid+hydrogen carbonate ions and H+ ions.

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19
Q

what happens when H+ ions bind to haemoglobin?

A

it unloads o2 at a greater rrate.

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20
Q

what does it mean when theres a lower affinity?
And why is that?

A

less oxygen is readily avaliable.
more is being unloaded to the tissues
because the cells are respiring.

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21
Q

what way does curve shift to when theres a lower affinity?

A

moves to thee right

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22
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

volume of blood that pumps out the heart per time

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23
Q

why is the cardiac output higher in athletes/ periods of exercise.

A

higher cause
more blood is pumped to respiring cells

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24
Q

describe the ventricular walls of an athlete

A

it would be thicker

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25
Q

what is the stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle in one cardiac cycle.

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26
Q

how can calculate cardiac cycle?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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27
Q

what way does the graph shift to when there is a higher affinity?

A

it moves to the left

28
Q

why does the graph move to the left when theres a higher affinity?

A

shows that at any given pressure there is greater saturation

29
Q

why is foetal haemoglobin higher.

A

allows haemoglobin to bind at low pressure.
allowing for more oxygen to be supplied to the respiring cells.
to growing baby.

30
Q

why do we have a double circulatory system?

A

manage pressure of blood flow

31
Q

why does blood flow at low pressure to the lungs

A

prevents damage in capillaries around aveoli
enables time for gas exchange

32
Q

why does blood flow at a greater pressure when its pumped to rest of body

A

so blood reaches respiring cells

33
Q

what are blood vessels in the kidneys called.

A

renal veins
renal arteries

34
Q

why is the heart described as myogenic?

A

can contract or relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation.

35
Q

what happens to tthe cornary arteries arre blocked

A

oxygen isnt supplied to the heart
wont be able to respire
cells die
= heart attack

36
Q

what is the name of the valve found in the right side of the half

A

tricuspid Artiroventricular valves

37
Q

what is the name of the valves found in the left side of the heart

A

bicuspid atrioventricular valves

38
Q

where are the semi lunar valves located

A

to the pulmonary artery
aorta

39
Q

what is the septum

A

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

40
Q

what doees systole mean

A

contracting

41
Q

what does diastole mean?

A

relaxation

42
Q

what happens when blood enters the atria during the cardiac cycle?

A

pressure gradient is established cause its higher in atria compared to ventricle

43
Q

what happens to the atriventricular valves when a pressure gradient is established betwwen atria and ventricles

A

opens

44
Q

what happens to the heart when the AV valves open

A

atrial systole occurs and pushes blood down to ventricles

45
Q

what happens when the ventricels contarct when blood travels.
(ventricular systole)

A

pressure gradient formed. higher in ventricles lower in atria

46
Q

what happens to the valves during ventricular systole?

A

AV valves close

47
Q

why does the semi lunar valve in the pulmonary artery and aorta open?

A

greater pressure in ventricles compared to aorta/pulmonary artery.
cause of a pressure gradient

48
Q

when does the semi lunar valves close

A

pressure in aorta/ pulmonary artery is high compared to ventricle.

49
Q

when does ventricular diastole occur

A

when blood reaches the aorta

50
Q

what are the coronary arteries

A

they supply blood/glucose to the heart

51
Q

relate the structure to the functions of the artery

A

when blood moves at high pressure
its elastic walls recoil/ stretch

52
Q

what happens to the elastic walls of the arteries

A

they recoil/ stretch at high pressure

53
Q

explain one advantage of capillaries being narrow

A

short diffusion pathway
providing for faster diffusion

54
Q

what factor limits the internal diameter of of the lumen of the capillary

A

endothelial cells are small

55
Q

why is the volume of blood leaving the capillaries into the veins lower than inital volume from arteries

A

used in tissue fluid

56
Q

what happens when CO2 is produced in the blood

A

produces H+ ions
lower affinity for oxygen
as there is more CO2

57
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

when blood is under high hydrostaic pressure from arteries and narrow walls.
molecules are forced from holes in capillaries by ultrafiltration

58
Q

what type of pressure is blood formed under to make tissure fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

what comes out the blood from ultafiltration

A

amino acids
minerals
water
glucose

60
Q

what doeesn’t get filtered from the blood

A

red blood cells
larger proteins

61
Q

why does the hydrostatic pressure fall towards the veins

A

loss of water

62
Q

explain why high blood pressure causes accumulation of tissue fluid

A

higher hydrostatic pressure
increase of outward pressure frrom arteries
reduces inward pressure of ventricles

63
Q

explain why the water pressure is high towards thee end of the veins than arteries

A

presence of proteins
water moves out the blood from capillaries

64
Q

explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid

A

contraction of ventricles produce high hydrostatic pressure
forces water out of capillaries

65
Q

where is excess tissure flud drained into

A

lymphatic system

66
Q

what happens when thers a blockage in the lymphatic system

A

excess tissure fluid cant be reabsorbed

67
Q

what does the lympahtic system do

A

drains excess fluidn n

biology :} (12 decks)

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