HELP!!!!! Flashcards
what are enzymes
biological catalysts that lower thee activation energy
by speeding the rate of reaction
explain how an enzyme andd a substrate link together
the tertiary structure of the active site is complimentary to the substrate
what is called when an enzyme and substrate join togther
enzyme substrate complex
explain the induced fit model
a conformational change in tertiary structure of active site.
allows for substrate to fit
explain the effect of temperature on enzyme controlled reactions in the inital stages
as the temp increases enzyme and substrate have more kinetic energy
frequency of collisons increases
more succesful enzyme substrate complexes
what does the enzyme and subsrate gain when temp is involved
kinetic energy
what happens when the temperature of the enzyme is too high
enzyme denatures
breaks H+ bonds
changes the tertiary structure of active sight
so substrate no longer complimentary
no ESC
when do enzymes wwork at their fastest
optimum temperature
whaat is the point of saturation/ Vmax
on substrate complexes
this is when all the active sites arent readily avaliable as ESC have been formed
what happens when we increase the frequency of substrates
greater collisons between them
what is the relationship with the effect of substrate concentration
directly proportional
what is the relationship between enzyme concentration on enzymes
dirctly proportional
explain the trendd in enzymes from enzyme concentration
it increases because there are greater amounts of collisions.
more ESC formed
what happens when the graph plateaus for enzyme concentration
substrate aren’t readily avaliabe
so not enough to bind onto enzyme
reaction will no longer spped up
what does a competitive inhibitor do?
competes with the substrate in order to bind onto the active site
how can we reduce the effect of a competitive inhibitor
by increasing the substrate
why do competitve inhibitors reduce ESC
they have a similar shape to the active site
prevents substrate from binding
but no reaction occurs
what do non competitve inhibitors bind onto
allosteric site of the enzyme
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for
ribonucleic acid
what does DNA do
holds genetic information
what does RNA do
transfers genetic material frrom DNA to ribosomes
how are ribosomes formed
from RNA and proteins
what is the monomer for DNA and RNA
nucleotides
what does DNA code for
amino acids in primary structure of a protein
what forms a part of a nucleotide?
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenus bases
what is the name of the pentose sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
what are the base pairs in DNA
adenine
thymmine
cytosine
guanine
what bond is formed durig a condensation reaction betweeen 2 nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
(strong covalent)
what is the shape of a DNA molecule
double heliz
what is a polynucleottide
when many nucleotides are joinedd together
what bond holds the complimentary base pairs together
hydrogen bonds
how many H+ bonds is present between guanine and cytosine
3
how many H+ bonds is present between adenine and thymine
2
what is the sugar phospahte backbone
provides structural support where the phosphodiester bond is
where is the phosphhodiester bond found
betwen pentose sugar and phosphate group
why did scientists not believe that DNA carried any genetic code
because of its simplicity
what is the name of the pentose sugar in RNA
ribose
what is the name of the nitrogenus containing bases
guanine cytosine
adenine uracil
what is the name of the nitrogenus containing bases in RNA
guanine cytosine
adenine uracil
what is the length if RNA
short
what is thee role of DNA helicase
breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs in the polynucleotide strand
what unwinds the double heliex
DNA helicase
why are the free DNA nucleotides attracted to the exposed bases on the template strand
complimentary base pairing
what is the role of DNA polymerase
cataylses the condensation reaction that forms a phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides
what is the name of the model that validated DNA replication
Watson-Crick model
what is meant by semi conserving replication
the original strand is conserved
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
what is ATP formed
from a molecule of ribose
what is adenine
a nirogenus base
what is ATP
nucleotide derivative
whaat makes up ATP
adenine
3 phosphate groups
pentose sugar–> ribose
what chemical proceess is ATP crreated
respiration
what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ne used as energy
ATP hydrolayse
what is the equation for the hydrolysis for ATP
ATP + water—> ADP + Pi (energy)
what can the inorganic phosphate realsedd during the hydrolysis of ATP be used for
phosphorylate them
to make them more reactive
what does phosphorylate mean
make other compounds more reactive
why is ATP good
immediate form of energy
in a small portion(less wasted)
why is ATP an immediate source
only one bond is hydrolysed
how is ATP resynthesised
condensation between ADP+Pi
when is ATP resynthesised
photosynthesis
respiration
what enzyme cataylses thee condensation reaction between ADP+Pi
adesonie diphosphate
ATP synthase
what enzyme cataylses thee condensation reaction between ADP+Pi
adesonie diphosphate
ATP synthase
what is the name of tthe enzymes responsible for the process of semi conservative repication
DNA polymerase
DNA helicasse
name tthe protein associated with DNA in a chromosome
histone
what is the role of a single strand of DNA fragments
a template that determines the order of nucleotides
explain a feature of DNA that is important for semi conservative replication
hydrogen bonds are easy to break
allows strands to separate
2 strands that act as templates
