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biology :} > HELP!!!!! > Flashcards

HELP!!!!! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts that lower thee activation energy
by speeding the rate of reaction

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2
Q

explain how an enzyme andd a substrate link together

A

the tertiary structure of the active site is complimentary to the substrate

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3
Q

what is called when an enzyme and substrate join togther

A

enzyme substrate complex

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4
Q

explain the induced fit model

A

a conformational change in tertiary structure of active site.
allows for substrate to fit

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5
Q

explain the effect of temperature on enzyme controlled reactions in the inital stages

A

as the temp increases enzyme and substrate have more kinetic energy
frequency of collisons increases
more succesful enzyme substrate complexes

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6
Q

what does the enzyme and subsrate gain when temp is involved

A

kinetic energy

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7
Q

what happens when the temperature of the enzyme is too high

A

enzyme denatures
breaks H+ bonds
changes the tertiary structure of active sight
so substrate no longer complimentary
no ESC

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8
Q

when do enzymes wwork at their fastest

A

optimum temperature

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9
Q

whaat is the point of saturation/ Vmax
on substrate complexes

A

this is when all the active sites arent readily avaliable as ESC have been formed

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10
Q

what happens when we increase the frequency of substrates

A

greater collisons between them

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11
Q

what is the relationship with the effect of substrate concentration

A

directly proportional

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12
Q

what is the relationship between enzyme concentration on enzymes

A

dirctly proportional

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13
Q

explain the trendd in enzymes from enzyme concentration

A

it increases because there are greater amounts of collisions.
more ESC formed

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14
Q

what happens when the graph plateaus for enzyme concentration

A

substrate aren’t readily avaliabe
so not enough to bind onto enzyme
reaction will no longer spped up

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15
Q

what does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

competes with the substrate in order to bind onto the active site

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16
Q

how can we reduce the effect of a competitive inhibitor

A

by increasing the substrate

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17
Q

why do competitve inhibitors reduce ESC

A

they have a similar shape to the active site
prevents substrate from binding
but no reaction occurs

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18
Q

what do non competitve inhibitors bind onto

A

allosteric site of the enzyme

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19
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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20
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

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21
Q

what does DNA do

A

holds genetic information

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22
Q

what does RNA do

A

transfers genetic material frrom DNA to ribosomes

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23
Q

how are ribosomes formed

A

from RNA and proteins

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24
Q

what is the monomer for DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

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25
Q

what does DNA code for

A

amino acids in primary structure of a protein

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26
Q

what forms a part of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenus bases

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27
Q

what is the name of the pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

28
Q

what are the base pairs in DNA

A

adenine
thymmine
cytosine
guanine

29
Q

what bond is formed durig a condensation reaction betweeen 2 nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond
(strong covalent)

30
Q

what is the shape of a DNA molecule

A

double heliz

31
Q

what is a polynucleottide

A

when many nucleotides are joinedd together

32
Q

what bond holds the complimentary base pairs together

A

hydrogen bonds

33
Q

how many H+ bonds is present between guanine and cytosine

A

3

34
Q

how many H+ bonds is present between adenine and thymine

A

2

35
Q

what is the sugar phospahte backbone

A

provides structural support where the phosphodiester bond is

36
Q

where is the phosphhodiester bond found

A

betwen pentose sugar and phosphate group

37
Q

why did scientists not believe that DNA carried any genetic code

A

because of its simplicity

38
Q

what is the name of the pentose sugar in RNA

A

ribose

39
Q

what is the name of the nitrogenus containing bases

A

guanine cytosine
adenine uracil

40
Q

what is the name of the nitrogenus containing bases in RNA

A

guanine cytosine
adenine uracil

41
Q

what is the length if RNA

A

short

42
Q

what is thee role of DNA helicase

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs in the polynucleotide strand

43
Q

what unwinds the double heliex

A

DNA helicase

44
Q

why are the free DNA nucleotides attracted to the exposed bases on the template strand

A

complimentary base pairing

45
Q

what is the role of DNA polymerase

A

cataylses the condensation reaction that forms a phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides

46
Q

what is the name of the model that validated DNA replication

A

Watson-Crick model

47
Q

what is meant by semi conserving replication

A

the original strand is conserved

48
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

49
Q

what is ATP formed

A

from a molecule of ribose

50
Q

what is adenine

A

a nirogenus base

51
Q

what is ATP

A

nucleotide derivative

52
Q

whaat makes up ATP

A

adenine
3 phosphate groups
pentose sugar–> ribose

53
Q

what chemical proceess is ATP crreated

A

respiration

54
Q

what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ne used as energy

A

ATP hydrolayse

55
Q

what is the equation for the hydrolysis for ATP

A

ATP + water—> ADP + Pi (energy)

56
Q

what can the inorganic phosphate realsedd during the hydrolysis of ATP be used for

A

phosphorylate them
to make them more reactive

57
Q

what does phosphorylate mean

A

make other compounds more reactive

58
Q

why is ATP good

A

immediate form of energy
in a small portion(less wasted)

59
Q

why is ATP an immediate source

A

only one bond is hydrolysed

60
Q

how is ATP resynthesised

A

condensation between ADP+Pi

61
Q

when is ATP resynthesised

A

photosynthesis
respiration

62
Q

what enzyme cataylses thee condensation reaction between ADP+Pi
adesonie diphosphate

A

ATP synthase

63
Q

what enzyme cataylses thee condensation reaction between ADP+Pi
adesonie diphosphate

A

ATP synthase

64
Q

what is the name of tthe enzymes responsible for the process of semi conservative repication

A

DNA polymerase
DNA helicasse

65
Q

name tthe protein associated with DNA in a chromosome

A

histone

66
Q

what is the role of a single strand of DNA fragments

A

a template that determines the order of nucleotides

67
Q

explain a feature of DNA that is important for semi conservative replication

A

hydrogen bonds are easy to break
allows strands to separate

2 strands that act as templates

biology :} (12 decks)

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