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biology :} > 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment > Flashcards

3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is meant by surface are: volume

A

how far the internal parts are from the surface.

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2
Q

what happens to the surface are:volume when an organism increases

A

the surface area:volume ratio decreases

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3
Q

why can smaller organisms rely on diffusion for gas exchange but animals cant?

A

large SA:V and short diffusion pathway allowing for gas exchange to occur.

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4
Q

why do animals need a specialised transport system?

A

smaller SA:V and also a longer diffusion pathway.

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5
Q

how do multicellular organisms get O2?

A

specialised systems and exchange systems: circulatory + respiratory

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6
Q

what do organisms exchange?

A

-urea
-O2
-CO2
-blood
-nutrients

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7
Q

explain why oxygen uptake is a measure of metabolic rate in organisms?

A

oxygen is used during respiration.
the greater the O2 uptake the larger the metabolic rate increases.
larger and multicellular.

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8
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

amount of energy expanded by an organism within a given amount of time.

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9
Q

explain how larger organisms are able to adapt to cold climates?

A

less heat is lost because:
small surface area to volume ratio
large diffusion pathway

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10
Q

how is the exoskeleton used to prevent water loss

A

a lipid layer
also fibrous material for protection.

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11
Q

how do the spiracles prevent water loss?

A

the open and close to reduce water loss

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12
Q

what enters and leaves the spiracles?

A

gases enter
water evaporates.

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13
Q

how do gases enter the tracheoles via diffusion?

A

-cells respire aerobically and O2 is used up.
-concentration decreases in tracheoles.
-diffusion gradient established between atmosphere and tracheoles.
-O2 diffuses in.

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14
Q

in what direction does O2 move when a diffusion gradient is established?

A

spiracles-trachea-tracheoles-cell

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15
Q

how do gases move out thee spiracle via mass transport?

A

muscle cells contract
causes the mass movement of O2 and CO2

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16
Q

how do gases move into tracheoles when its filled with water

A

after major activity
cells respire anaerobically
produces lactate + lowers WP
water from tracheoles move via osmosis into cells.
volume and pressure decreases draws air in

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17
Q

what happens when lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration in the spiracles

A

lowers water potential

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18
Q

what is an adaptation of the large no of tracheoles

A

larger surface area

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19
Q

how are tracheoles useful adaptations

A

thin walls
short diffusion pathway + distance between tracheoles and spiracles

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20
Q

what is the helpfulness of CO2+O2 in a fish

A

creates a steep diffusion grradient.

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21
Q

what is found on the surface of the gill filaments?

A

lamellae

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22
Q

what is Fick’s Law?

A

Diffusion dp surface area*diff in conc
divide by length of diffusion pathway

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23
Q

why do fish have special addaptations?

A

30x less O2 inwater than atmosphere

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24
Q

what do the lamelle provide?

A

larger surface area

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25
Q

how is the concentration gradient maintained in a fish?

A

countercurrent flow

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26
Q

how is a short diffusion pathway formed in a fish?

A

a capillary network in every lamelle
thin gill lamelle

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27
Q

Where is the large SA:V ratio created in a fish?

A

many gill fillaments covered by many gill lamelle

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28
Q

what is the countercurrent flow?

A

blood flows in the opposite direction of water
so equilibrium is not reached
ensures a concentrtion gradient is established across entire length of lamelle.

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29
Q

what flows in opposite direction in the countercurrent flow?

A

blood and water

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30
Q

why does blood and water flow in opposite direcctions?

A

so equilibrium is not reached

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31
Q

why should the equilibrium not be reached?

A

so a concentration gradient is estblished across the ENTIRE length of LAMELLE.

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32
Q

what diffuses into the leaf?

A

CO2

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33
Q

what diffuses out a plant cell?

A

O2

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34
Q

what does the stomata do to reduce water loss in dictolydenous plants?

A

stomata closes at night

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35
Q

what are xerophytes?

A

plants found in extreme temps

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36
Q

how dos a smaller SA:V reduce water loss in xerophytes?

A

reduces rate of diffusion

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37
Q

why do xerophytes have waxy cuticles?

A

waterproof
less water escapes as its THICK

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38
Q

what is the SA:V in xerophytes and how does this help with water loss?

A

reduces rate of diffuusion

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39
Q

what happens when the leaves are rolled in xerophytes?

A

lower epidermis is isolated
traps region of air
water evaporates and air becomes saturated.
WP increase in the region
WP M in leaf and air decreases no evaporation

40
Q

what happens when the H2O evaporates within region of air

A

WP increase
WP M decreases no evaporation

41
Q

what happens to the water potential gradient of a rolled leave?

A

it decreases
WP increases in the air

42
Q

what is a useful adaptation of hairy xerophyes that prevents water loss?

A

hair traps moist layer of air
WP M from leaf to trapped air decreases
less water evaporates own WP M

43
Q

what is ventilation?

A

to breathe in

44
Q

where does the antagonistic interaction occur?

A

between the external and internal intercostal muscles

45
Q

what is inspiration

A

to breathe in

46
Q

what happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

it contracts (rib is pulled upwards)

47
Q

what happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

it relaxes

48
Q

what happens to the diagraphm during inspiration?

A

contracts [n–>u]

49
Q

what happens to the air pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

A

it decreases

50
Q

what happens to the volume of the lungs during inspiration?

A

it increases

51
Q

how does air move during inspiration?

A

high pressure in the atmosphere compared to inside the lungs.

52
Q

what is expiration?

A

breathing out

53
Q

what happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

they relax

54
Q

what happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

they contract

55
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

it relaxes (pops back up to dome)
[n->u->n]

56
Q

what happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?

A

it increases

57
Q

what happens to the volume of the lungs during expiration?

A

it decreases

58
Q

how does air move in during expiration?

A

moves out cause higher pressure in lungs than atmosphere.

59
Q

what variables can determine the BMR

A

CO2 production
Oxygen consumption
Heat generated

60
Q

why do smaller organisms have a high BMR even though they are small.

A

-they have SA:V and therefore lose heat quickly
-will cool down if respiration stops
-so faster heart rate is needed to supply O2 for respiration

61
Q

what is the function of a sunken stomata?

A

reduces air movement across stomata.
-moist air is trapped inside.

62
Q

what is the function of a thick waxy cuticle?

A

reduces transpiration/evaporation
provides a larger diffusion distance

63
Q

what is function of the hair on xerophytes?

A

traps air becoming damp/humid

64
Q

What are large insoluble molecules broken down into

A

Small soluble molecules

65
Q

what 2 enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

amylase
membrane bound dissacharidases

66
Q

where is amylase found?

A

salivary glands
pancreas

67
Q

what are examples of the membrane bound dissacharidases?

A

maltase
lactase
sucrasse

68
Q

what do membrane bound disaccharidases break things down to?

A

from disaccharides to monosaccharides

69
Q

what is an example of the disaccharidases

A

lactase–>lactose–>glucose and galactose

70
Q

what 3 enzymes break down proteins?

A

-endopeptidases
-exopeptidases
-membrane bound dipeptidases

71
Q

how are proteins broken down

A

protein–>dipeptide–> amino acids

72
Q

where are the protein enzymes found

A

stomach and pancreas

73
Q

what is the role of exopeptidases?

A

enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds between the amino acids at the end of a polymer chain

74
Q

what is the role of endopeptidases?

A

enzymes that hydrolyse the peptide bond between amino acids at the start of a polymer/ peptide chain.

75
Q

where does the exopeptidase hydrolyse the peptide bond?

A

at the end of the polymer chain
(between amino acids)

76
Q

where does the exopeptidase hydrolyse the peptide bond in the polymer

A

the end of the chain

77
Q

where does the endopeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds in the polymer?

A

the middle of the chain

78
Q

what is the role of a membrane bound dipeptidases?

A

hydrolyse the peptide bonds between dipeptides forming amino acids

79
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lipids?

A

lipase

80
Q

where are bile salts produced?

A

liver

81
Q

where are bile salts stored?

A

gall bladder

82
Q

what is the role of bile salts?

A

emulsify triglycerides into monoglycerides and glycerol.
forming small droplets called micelles.

83
Q

what is the role of lipase?

A

hydrolyse ester bonds in triglycerides

84
Q

what is the usefullness of the small micelle droplets?

A

increases SA
faster hydrolyses action from lipase

85
Q

what does the physical breakdown of lipids involve?

A

bile salts emulsifying triglyerides

86
Q

what does the chemical breakdown of lipids invole

A

fast hydrolyses of lipase on micelle droplets

87
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

the places where the food passes through

88
Q

where is food absorbed?

A

small intestine (ileum)

89
Q

what is the structure o the ileum?

A

-thin walls
-network of capillaries
-many microvilli
-villis

90
Q

why are the thin walls a useful adaptation

A

shorter diffusion pathway
maintains the concentration gradient

91
Q

why are the microvillis useful adaptations?

A

increase the surface area

92
Q

what do long fatty acid chains and monoglycerides form?

A

triglycerides

93
Q

what are triglycerides packaged into?

A

chylomicrons

94
Q

where are the chylomicrons transported to?

A

lacteal

95
Q

is the lacteal?

A

lymph vessel within villius

96
Q

how does the chylomicrons leave the small intestine?

A

exocytosis

biology :} (12 decks)

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