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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

smaller units that form larger molecules

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2
Q

what is a polymer

A

molecules made from large numbers of monomers joined together

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3
Q

what are examples of monomers?

A

-monosaccharide
-amino acids
-nucleotides

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4
Q

what are examples of polymers

A

-starch
-DNA
-proteins

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5
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

the formation of a chemical bond between two molecules.
-eliminating water in the process.

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6
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules.
-involving the use of a water molecule.

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7
Q

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide. (one sugar)

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8
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides

A

-glucose
-galactose
-fructose

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9
Q

what bond is formed during a condensation reaction in monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

what two monosachharides form the disaccharide MALTOSE

A

glucose + glucose

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11
Q

what two monosaccharide form the disaccharide SUCROSE.

A

gluctose+fructose

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12
Q

what two monosaccharides form the disaccharide LACTOSE

A

glucose+galactose

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13
Q

how are polysaccharides formed?

A

condensation of many glucose molecules.

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14
Q

what is the structure of glycogen
(animal starch)

A
  • highly branched than amylopectin. with a greater alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
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15
Q

what monomer does glycogen have

A

alpha glucose

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16
Q

what bonds are formed in glycogen

A

alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

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17
Q

why is glycogen highly branched.
(linking structure to function)

A

-larger surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds.
-glucose—-> aerobic respiration in mammals

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18
Q

why is glycogen insoluble
(linking structure to function)

A

it wont affect the water potential when in water

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19
Q

why is glycogen compact
(linking structure t function)

A

more can be stored in a smaller space.

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20
Q

what is glycogen

A

key energy store in mammals`

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21
Q

what is starch

A

storage molecule found in plants

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22
Q

what monomer forms starch

A

alpha glucose molecule

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23
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

-unbranched
-coiled helic structure

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24
Q

what bonds occur in amylose

A

alpha 1-4

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25
Q

why does amylose have a coiled helic structure.
(linking structue to function)

A

allows cells to store greater amounts of amylose.—> higher energy density.

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26
Q

what is the structure of amylopec tin

A

highly branched

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27
Q

what bonds form in amylopectin

A

alpha 1-4 and 1-6 bonds.

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28
Q

why is amylopectin branched.

A

increase surface area
in order to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds.

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29
Q

where is cellulose found

A

plant cell walls

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30
Q

what monomers are present in cellulose

A

beta glucose monmers

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31
Q

what bond is formed in cellulose

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

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32
Q

why is cellulose comprimiseed of straight chains

A

beta glucose is invertedd which forms an alternating patterning.

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33
Q

what are stacks of cellulose called

A

microfibrils

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34
Q

what bond is found within these stacks

A

hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

how does the structure of cellulose link with its functons

A

the microfibrils formed= high tensile strength
which is essential with the cell wall of a plant cell that needs to be rigid.

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: all monosachharides are reducing ugars

A

TRUE

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: all disaccharides are reducing sugars

A

FALSE

38
Q

what happens to the benedicts reagent when a reducing sugar is placed in it.

A

copper oxide forms (insoluble in water)
-and therefore a percipitate as a result .

39
Q

what is the method to find a reducing sugar?

A
  • add 2cm3 of the food solution to 2cm3 of benedicts then HEAT GENTLY. 5 minutes.
40
Q

what is a positive result for a reducing sugar.

A

it goes from blue to red.
the deeper the red, the greater the amount of percipitate formed.

41
Q

how do we know we can do the practical for a non reducing sugar.

A

there will be a negative result for benedicts.
blue–>blue

42
Q

why is dilute hydrochloric acid added to the solution and heated.

A

to break glycosidic bonds. from disaccharide—> monosaccharide.

43
Q

what do we do after we add the hydrochloric acid.

A

-add sodium hydrogencarbonate

44
Q

why do we add sodium hydrogencarbonate

A

to neutralise the solution. to make slightly alkaline.

45
Q

what do we do after we add the sodium hydrogencarbonate

A

perform the reducing suagrs test as normal.

46
Q

what are the two groups of lipids.

A

triglycerides
phospholipids.

47
Q

how are triglycerides are formed.

A

condensation

48
Q

what molecules are formed with a triglycerides?

A

1 molecule of glycerol
three molecule of fatty acids.

49
Q

what bond is formed between glycerol and a fatty acid.

A

ester bond.
(RCOOH)

50
Q

what can the r group of a fatty acid be?

A

saturated
unsaturated

51
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

it contains single carbon bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

52
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

it contains a double carbon bond in the hydrocarbon tail.

53
Q

what molecules make up a phospholipid.

A

a glycerol molecule
-2 fatty acid chains
-and a phosphate head

54
Q

how is a phospholipid different to a triglyceride.

A

one of the fatty acids is substitiuted for a phosphate group.
and there is a covalent bond between the phosphate group.

55
Q

what is the property of the tail in phospholipid

A

it is hydrophobic.
it repels water

56
Q

what is the property of the head in the phospholipid.

A

it is hydrophilic
attracts water.

57
Q

how is the tail suited for its properties

A

-supports the permeability within the membrane

58
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

-add ethanol to the food sample
-shake
-place in water

59
Q

what is a positive test for lipids

A

it turns a milky emulsion

60
Q

what monomer forms proteins.

A

amino acids

61
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

62
Q

what bond forms during a condensation reaction between two amino acids.

A

peptide bond

63
Q

how are dipeptides formed

A

condensation between two amino acids.

64
Q

how are polypeptides formed

A

condensation reaction between many amino acids.

65
Q

how is the carboxyl group presented as?

A

COOH

66
Q

what is the amine group presented as?

A

NH2

67
Q

what is the primary structure of proteins?

A
  • a sequence of amino acids.
  • in a polypeptide chain
68
Q

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

-formation of alpha helix shapes
-beta pleated sheets.
-hydrogen bonding in the O-H of carboxyl group
-H in amine group

69
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

-further folding of secondary structure.
-3D shape
-held together by intermolecular bonds.

70
Q

what are the three intermolecular bonds found in the tertiary structure

A

-ionic bonding
-hydrogen bonding
-disulphide bridges.

71
Q

where are the intermolecular bonds normally found within a protein

A

R-group.

72
Q

whats the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

-protein made up of MANY polypeptide chains.

73
Q

what is an example of something with many polypeptide chains?

A

haemoglobin

74
Q

what happens to the structure of a denatured protein?

A

-bonds in the tertiary structure are broken
-and the 3D shape is lost.

75
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction without being used up

76
Q

how does an enzyme lower its activation energy?

A

-lowering tthe activation energy.

77
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

-the inhibitor molecule binds onto the active site as its a similar shape.
-the enzyme makes a conformational change.

78
Q

What is the site that the non-competitive inhibitor binds onto

A

allosteric site.

79
Q

what is the role of a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

-the inhibitor binds onto the allosteric site.
-this changes the active site
-the substrate molecule is no longer complimentary to the active site.
-no enzyme substrate complexes are formed.

80
Q

what is glycogen

A

a glucose storage molecule fot humans

81
Q

what does benedicts solution contain

A

copper sulfate
CuSO4

82
Q

what is formed in the pesence of a reducing sugar

A

copper oxide
insoluble in water

83
Q

what happens when copper oxide is insoluble in water

A

forms a percipitate

84
Q

what does a brick red solution show

A

high concentartion of reducing sugar

85
Q

how can we identify an unsaturated fatty acid

A

a double bond between the carbon atoms
in the hydrocarbon chain

86
Q

how can ew teest for thee presence of lipids

A

dissolve in ethanol
add distilled water
shake
milky white emulsion

biology :} (12 decks)

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