Masonry

Question 1

Mortar types

Answer 1

classic mortar: cement, lime (plasticizes, hydrates), sand, water

masonry cement: porland cement + pulverized lime (not as strong)

N: soft stone, ab. grade, ext., 750

S: below grade, better compression, 1800

M: hard stone, load bearing, highest compression, 2500

O: interiors, least strong

putty mortar: for compatibility w historic structures

grout: bonds masonry to reinforcing or fills cavities, has coarse or fine aggregate, up to pea gravel

Question 2

Brick

Answer 2

burned clay, shale or mix of them

facing (nice finish) vs. building/common

FBS: facing, with a little variation (color/size/texture)

FBX: facing, with not much variation

FBA: facing, but very random

SW: severe weathering, MW: moderate, NW: negligible

hollow brick: HBS, HBX, HBA

sizes: 3 5/8”x2 1/4”x7 5/8”, makes 4x8 when grout jt is 3/8”, from Norman-style brick

wythe = stack

course = horizontal line

bond pattern = how courses relate to each other

horizontal jt = bed jt, vertical jt = bed jt

Question 3

Brick laying

Answer 3

tool the mortar jt to compress it, make more weatherproof

construction jt/cold jt: isolates masonry from through wall elements like doors, windows

expansion jt: allows for thermal movement, often includes shelf angle and/or compressible joint filler when vertical units need supporting

repointing/tuckpointing: re-mortaring brick

weight is borne at 60 deg angle over top of brick

Question 4

CMUs

Answer 4

concrete masonry units: hollow (>75%) or solid, load or non-load bearing

wxlxh: h:8/12/16 l/w:4/6/8/10/12 typ:8x8x16 (double a brick course)

needs horizontal reinforcing every 16” o.c.

equivalent thicknesses determined by code for fire ratings (as if no hollow core, eg)

Question 5

Brick wall types

Answer 5

single wythe, cavity wall, reinforced grouted masonry, veneer

Question 6

Other masonry types

Answer 6

structural clay tile: burned clay, hollow, load and nonload bearing, only used as backup at exterior walls, not weather proof, good all-in-one structure and finish at interiors, S: select, SS: select sizes (better)

terra cotta tile: ceramic veneer, harder denser, more weatherproof, lighter than stone, adhere or anchor to wall behind, keep water out of non-glazed parts

gypsum block: used for fire protection, old-school

glass block: air inside under vacuum, so insulates well, not fireproof

stone: rubble, slightly squared, ashlar: random or coursed, needs to be anchored to backer w wire/mortar or angle/bolt, can be thinner/veneered stone (adhered only)