Finish Materials Flashcards
Lath and plaster
plaster is cementing compound (usu gypsum and lime or portland cement) fine aggregates (sand, vermiculite, perlite)
lightweight fire-resistant plaster uses perlite, vermiculite
Keene’s cement, intense heat makes very hard, resistant plaster, used in wet/high abuse areas
stucco aka portland cement plaster is pland cement, lime, sand, water, used on ext, tile backing, base coat for others
lath is attached to studs
metal lath comes in diamond mesh (can be paper-backed, more flexible), flat ribs, ribs
first coat is ‘scratch coat’, middle is ‘brown coat’ (skipped in two coat), last is ‘finish coat’ (thinnest)
gypsum board can be used at lath aka rock lath, but is a special product, only use thin veneer coats of plaster, allow fire rating
edges finished w metal trim pcs: corner beads, casing beads, base screeds, expansion joints (min every 10 ft)
Gypsum wallboard
drywall, sheetrock, calsium sulfate dihydrate
fire resistant, cheap, easy to install, good sound control, versatile
standard 4’ x 8/10/12/14’
some have fire rating (thicker, 3/4”) or needs 2-ply of gyp., type X
5/8” is standard high-quality, 1/2” for cheap residential, double 3/8” often used in remodels, 1/4” for just putting it over old walls
square edge, TNG edge, taper edge (most common, allows tape)
foil backed for vapor barriers, backing board as tile substrate, water-resistant for wet applictns, abuse-resistant for high traffic, mold-resistant uses inorganic facings, predecorated w vinyl covering
faced w fiberglass is used as ext sheathing
screwed to framing, adhered to masonry w mastic
half the gypsum used is synthetic, made from an industrial by-product (flue-gas desulfurization)
hard to recycle old gyp, but some farmers use it for grapes, peas, peanuts
Gypsum wallboard trims
cornerbead
LC bead, L bead, LK bead, U bead/J metal, F reveal
Glass-reinforced gypsum
GRG, molded in factory to any shape, either continuous filament glass fibers or chopped glass fibers
aka fiberglass-reinforced gypsum, glass-fiber-reinforced gyp
for decorative elements
Tile
clay or clay mixtures; durable, fire and water resistant, cleanable, store thermal enegy
ceramic tile: glazed, unglazed, fired clay, can be dust pressed from dry clay
quarry tile: glazed, unglazed, natural clay or shale by extrusion process
nonvitreous (water abs more than 7%), semivitreous (3-7%), vitreous (0.5-3%), impervious (0-0.5%)
group I light residential, group II moderate residential, group III max residential, group IV high abrasion resistance/commercial
sizes are nominal; come with matching trim pcs
installationw full-mortar bed o/felt or membrane w welded wire fabric or metal lath (floor or stronger) or on backer board (cementitous panel w glass-mesh facing) w thinset mortar (wall, clg or less traffic)
Terrazzo
chips of marble, granite, quartz, etc in matrix of cementitous (portland cement, sand, water) and/or chemical (epoxy, polyester, polyacrylate, resinous, carbon to make conductive/reduce static buildup) mix
poured, mixed while wet, then ground down
PIP or precast
standard (small chips), venetian (larger chips), Palladiana (strips of marble between panels), rustic (depressed matrix to show chips)
install methods: sand cushion for floating floor, bonded when movement isn’t an issue, monolithic or thinset (cheapest) when thickness is an issue
Stone finishes
marble, granite, slate
3/4”-7/8” thick, attached w SS wires/ties go through backing, lumps of plaster of paris aka ‘spots’ adhere to backing
instal as floating, bonded, thinset
Acoustical suspended ceilings
ACT: acoustic ceiling tile, made of wood fiber, mineral fiber, glass fiber, often w recycled content (50-90%)
lay-in: tiles layed on top of grid, tegular: rabbeted edges, concealed grid
other types: metal strips, wood grids, fabric covered acoustical batts
coordinate w recessed lights, ductwork, sprinklers, fire alarms, smoke detectors, shade pockets, etc.
space above often used as return air plenum, if so, no combustible materials allowed above ceiling, all wiring in metal conduit, unless plenum-rated by NFPA
can be fire-rated, as part of a rated assembly
Seismic restraints
for nonstructural walls/partitions, cabinets, access floors, sprinkler pipes, bookcases, suspended ceilings
seismic design category: classified by soil (A/hard rock, B/rock, C/very dense soil/soft rock, D/stiff soil/default, E/soft soil, F/special soil), by risk/occupancy categories (I/miscellaneous, II/standard, III/hazardous, IV/essential), and by region
categories = A/least restrictive to F/most
Wood flooring
wood or engineered wood
strip (most common, TNG), plank (wider, TNG), block (herringbone common, veneer sometimes, unit blocks are strips w steel or wood splines), solid block (end grain, very resistant, usu industrial
Engineered Flooring
wood veneer, 3-7 layers, finished or unfinished
more dimensionally stable, unless very dry
floating floor; installed over layer of foam padding
can’t be refinished, reduces lifespan
parquet/mastic adhered, peel and stick, plastic laminate (clear wearing o/ melamine-impregnated printed sheet o/ phenolic-impregnated kraft paper, on high density fiberboard, water resistant backer), usu on foam backer, often TNG edges
if over concrete, vapor barrier needed
Grades and species of wood floor
clear, select, no. 1 common, no. 2 common, plain sawn, quarter sawn
beech, birch, maple in first, second, third grades
red oak, white oak, pecan, mahogany, walnut
yellow pine, fir, western hemlock
bamboo, palm wood (considered green because rapidly renewable)
finishes: water based urethanes (no VOCs), oil based or modified (no VOCs) urethanes (more durable), moisture cured and acid cured (Swedish finish) bad VOCs / very durable, factory finished
Wood floor installation
if over concrete, need membrane and blocking (plywood or sleepers) to keep off moisture, need gaps at edges to allow contraction/expansion
over wood base, use felt to reduce squeaking and be mild vapor barrier
must test moisture content, alkalinity
Resilient flooring
made from resins, fibers, plasticizers, fillers formed under heat and pressure
comes in sheets or tiles, seams can be solvent welded, adhered w mastic, or peel and stick often w foam backer
types: vinyl (PVC), vinyl composition (cheaper, less durable), rubber (quiet, comfy, less durable), linoleum (oxidized linseed oil burlap or felt back, very resilient, renewable sources), cork (good acoustics, but not for high traffic bc hard to clean but very resilient, renewable, usu sealed/waxed), vinyl-faced cork, asphalt (least resilient, cheap)
Poured floors
aka seamless floors, poured or troweled
made from resinous matrix, fillers, decorative elements over hard, seamless substrate
used in places where extreme wear and/or extreme need for cleanliness needed: industrial, commercial kitchens, food prep plants, factories, clean rooms, labs, hospitals, jails, parking garages
Static free flooring
super conductive: for munitions plants
conductive: telecom, MRIs
static-dissipative: server rooms
can be amost any kind of human-made flooring, don’t all work w all footwear types, need grounding, provided by copper strips attached to an earth ground
Carpet
wool (costly), nylon (cheap, durable, ugly), acrylic (durable, most wool-looking), polyester (crush over time), polypropylene (for indoor-outdoor uses)
produces by tufting (pile yarns inserted through woven backing, tops then cut or left as loops), weaving (warp and weft yarns, durable but very expensive), needlepunching (barbed needles pull fibers through backing, rare), fusion bonding (embeds fabric in synthetic backer (cheap, tiles often)
pitch and stitch measure how much yarn is packed in given area (higher number, better), pile height is how deep the fibers are, shorter is more durable
cushion or padding (sponge, felt, urethane, foam) extends life, resiliency, better sound, comfort, insulator, but can’t do w/ tiles or other direct-adhered
flammability: pill test (ASTM), where a methenamine tablet is set on fire, can’t burn too much or floring radiant panel test (NFPA), where carpet can alight, but not sustain fire
installation: glue-down (attached w adhesive, feels hard, is stable, less durable, low pile only), stretched-in (tackless strips at perimeter, attached and stretched to other side, always has padding), double glue-down (padding glued, then carpet glued to padding)
Paints
binder, pigments, liquid, additives
binder gives film integrity, most determines quality, durability, flexibility, color retention, gloss, resistance to damage
pigments give color and opacity, mostly titanium dioxide, extenders of clay silica, silicates, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide sometimes used; more pigment reduces gloss, ratio of binder to pigment determines gloss level (more gloss, more cleanable, but shows defects more)
liquid is carrier until it dries, evaporates and is gone; latex is water, oil based is mineral spirits
additives: mildewcides, rheology modifiers increase viscosity for smooth application, surfactants keep surface wet so no chunky edges, defoamers break bubbles
can be brushed, rolled or sprayed, need 55-85 deg F to dry
Solvent based coatings
varnishes, shellac, silicone, urethane
they clear coat; if pigment added, is a stain
oil paints use drying or curing oil as binder, linseed in the past, alkyd resin now
makes hard surface, but prone to yellowing and cracking
high VOCs
Water based paint
latex, that use vinyl chloride/PVA/polyvinyl acetate or acrylic resins (acrylic better than vinyl/latex in durability, hiding power, resistance to bleed through)
epoxy paint: epoxy as binder, very durable, bad VOCs, need skilled applicator
polyurethane paint: high performance, gives glass-like sheen, can be anti-graffiti
Lead-based paints
a hazard, outlawed in 1978, be ware of in renovations, especially bad for children to ingest
