Martin Luther And The Reformation Flashcards
Learn off the facts
What year, where and why did this take place
The Reformation began in Germany in the 16th century as protest against the abuses in the catholic church.
It began as an attempt to improve the catholic church
What change did the Reformation bring
Less than 100 years after the Reformation, most of the people in northern Europe were protestants, who rejected the Pope and his teachings
Who was Martin Luther
He was born in Eisleben in Germany in 1483. He became a monk then a priest. He became a professor of theology (study of god) at wittenberg university in saxony
What did Martin Luther’s father want him to be and do
His father wanted him to study law and get a good education. Martin luther did study law but left it for theology
What did luther believe
There was a holy man who worried about going to Heaven. He was worried that God will not forgive Sinners like himself. He found his answer in the Bible. Good deeds or works such as praying to the saints or gaining indulgences would not help.
Only faith in God would allow a person to go to heaven, this was called justification by Faith.
What was the sale of indulgences
In 1517, a Dominican Friar, Johann tetzel came to Wittenberg to preach and sell indulgences. Tetzel said that anyone could buy an indulgence to get into heaven.
Where did the money collected from the sale of indulgences go to
Have the money collected was to go for the building of st. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. The other half was to go to the Archbishop of means to pay back money he had borrowed to by bishoprics.
What did luther do about the sale of indulgences
Luther objected to tetzels preaching, he wrote 95 theses(arguments) against the sale of indulgences. He wrote them in Latin, the language of scholars, because he wanted to discuss his views with others.
Luther and the archbishop of mainz
Luther wrote to the Archbishop of Mainz complaining about the false impressions which the people had about indulgences. Included a copy of his 95 theses with his letter.
Examples of the 95 theses
The Pope has no power to forgive penalties due to sin.
Indulgences do not save people from all punishment.
It is better to give to the poor than to buy pardon.
Some may go against the Pope saying why doesn’t the Pope whose Riches are enormous build the Basilica of St Peter with his own money instead of taking from the poor Believers.
How did people know about the 95 theses
The 95 these were translated into german and were then printed, so that Luther’s views were spread all over germany very quickly
How did Rome respond to luther
The pope took action against luther. Luther was ordered to meet cardinal Cajetan who tried to get him to change his ideas
What did luther do in the public debate
Luther had a public debate with John eck, a theologian. In the debate, luther questioned the authority of the pope.
What did the pope send to luther
The pope sent a special letter called a papal bull excommunicating luther (disallowing him from receiving the sacraments). Luther burned the papal bull in public
What happended at the diet of worms
The Pope asked charles V (Roman emperor) to intervene because luther was becoming more popular. Charles called luther to the diet(parliament) of worms, near mainz in germany in 1521. Here luther appeared before the emperor and german princes.
Luther spoke before ethe diet and refused to withdraw his teachings
Where was the diet of worms
It was near mainz in germany
What happened at Warburg castle
After luther left the diet, the emperor issued the edict of worms.
On Luther’s way home, he was captured by the soldiers of frederick the wise, a supporter of luther.
He was taken to wattenburg castle where he spent years disguised as knight George.
What did luther do at wittenberg castle
He translated the new testament into german. Later he translated the old testament into german. Now ordinary germans could read the bible themselves.
German princes and the division and support
Divisions between Catholic and protestant princes grew in germany. Most of Luther’s support came from the princes in northern germany
Charles V beliefs
The emperor Charles V rejected Lutheran beliefs
Lutheranism spreads
Lutheran took over catholic churches and built some of their own
When did luther die
Luther died in 1546 before war broke out between the 2 sides
What was the peace of augsburg (1555)
A civil and religious war broke out in Germany in last 9 years. Even though the Catholic princess won some battles lutheranism was too strong and Germany to be defeated.
The Peace of Augsburg brought the war to an end. This treaty stated that each ruler was free to decide the religion of his or her state. Catholics living in Lutheran States had to leave as did lutherans in Catholic States.
Other Reformers and luther inspiring them
Luther’s opposition to the Catholic church in Courage other reformers in Europe they challenged the Catholic church and, in some cases they set up their own churches.
what did john Calvin do
Calvin began his reformation in Geneva, in Switzerland. He founded the calvinist or Presbyterian Church which spread to many countries.
Who were john Calvin’s followers
Followers of Calvin included huguenots in France, puritans in England, and presbyterians in Scotland
Who was Henry capital VIII and the Reformation in England
Henry began the Reformation in England. He made himself supreme head of the Church of England and he closed the monasteries. His daughter Elizabeth completed the English Reformation.
The Catholic counter reformation. What was it
As protestantism spread the Catholic church was faced with a crisis. It had to control the spread of Protestant Faith’s or else he would continue to lose followers. Before me of the Catholic church was an important result of consequence of the Protestant reformation.
What was the council of Trent
The pope, cardinals and bishops ruled on matters of faith and discipline.
What was faith and discipline in the council of trent
Faith was what Catholics should believe and discipline was how the church should be organised
What were the Jesuits
The Jesuits spread the Catholic faith through public preaching spiritual exercises deeds of charity and education.
What happened at the council of Trent
Pope Paul III called the Cardinals and Bishops together in the council of Trent. As a result of the council of Trent the Catholic religion remain the most important religion in Europe. The authority and controls the Pope over the Catholic church was strengthened. They were greater divisions between Catholics and Protestants.
The Pope sending orders to promote the Catholic religion
The Pope encouraged the Foundation of religious order to promote the Catholic religion. the most important of these was the Jesuits founded by ignatius of loyola.
Who founded the Jesuits
The Jesuits were by ignatius of loyola
What was the court of inquisition
The court of inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church which was mainly active in Spain in Italy. It tried people accused of Heresy.
What is Heresy
Heresy is beliefs contrary to the Catholic Church
What happened at the court of inquisition
The court of inquisition in Spain and Italy crushed protestantism in the countries.
Christianity in the world today
Fifty percent of the world is Roman Catholic Church 37% is Protestant religions 12% as orthodox Christians and 1% other Christians
