Marian Restoration Flashcards
Who were arrested in 1553?
Prominent protestants such as Latimer, Ridley, Hooper and Rogers as well as Archbishop Cranmer
What did the 1553 Act of Repeal do? (3)
- undid the Edwardian reformation
- revived mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy
- reaffirmed traditional doctrine of transubstantiation
When were the acts of repeal?
First in 1553 and second in 1554
What did Mary’s first parliament refuse to do?
Repeal the act of supremacy
What title was Mary given in 1553?
Supreme Head of the Church
Key points of the royal injunctions of 1554 (3)
- ordered bishops to supress heresy
- removed married clergy
- restored holy days, processions and ceremonies
When did Pole return to England?
1554
What did a 1554 dispensation by the Pope allow?
for church property to remain with the nobles
Key points of the second act of repeal? (2)
- undid all anti catholic legislation since 1529
2. ended royal supremacy and return England to papal authority
What compromise was involved in the second act of repeal?
The landed elites’ property rights were protected for land bought since 1536
Who was the first protestant martyr and when was he burned?
John Rogers in 1555
What was the result of Gardiners death in 1555?
His death marks a turning point as the number of protestant burnings begin to increase, he had previously urged caution
When was Pole named archbishop of Canterbury?
1555
What was the Synod?
A meeting of clerics under Pole in 1555
What did the Synod issue in 1556?
The Twleve Decrees
Key points of the twelve decrees?
- listed rules on clerical discipline and against absenteeism, pluralism and simony
- Benedictine monastry established at Westminster
- established seminaries in every diocese, however shortage of money limited the programme to a single creation in York
When was Cranmer burned?
1556
What were the results of Cardinal Poles argument with the Pope in 1556?
Pole was stripped of his title of legate, showing the pope could interfere in English affairs. this worried many englishmen
What were refounded in 1557?
Smaller religious houses
How many protestants were burned in Mary’s reign?
estimates around 300
What were the strengths with the statergy of persuasion and censorship?
pro government writers sponsered to publish defences of Mary’s policy and a number of sermons were sponsered at St Pauls Cross
What were the weaknesses in the stragetgy of persuasion and censorship? (4)
- 19,000 copies of Edwards 1552 Prayer book still in circulation
- Latimer and Ridley produced pamphlets from prison
- few trusted advisors had studied abroad meaning they were handicapped by narrow intellect and lack of debate skills
- half as many printers in Mary’s regin
What were the strengths of Mary’s strategy of persecution?
no evidence to suggest their was strong reactions against the burnings
What were the weaknesses of Mary’s strategy of persecution? (3)
- Administrative disruptions/ delays such as war with france
- Martrys were supported by crowds, such as in the case of Rowland Taylor who had protestant prayers shouted at him
- made protestant sympathies stronger
What were the obstacles for Mary’s restoration? (6)
- Bishops
- Reign was brief
- propoganda not utilised
- Pole unfamilar with the realm
- Attentios split with foreign policy
- Pope Paul anti Habsburg
How were bishops an obstacle to Mary’s Restoration?
Edwardian bishops were in their sees until April 1554, later in the reign there were lengthy vacancies in Bishoprics, particularly after Pope Paul refused to confim appointments
Why was Mary’s brief reign an obstacle to Mary’s Restoration?
not enough time for Mary to impliment her restoration or for it to take root
Example of a leading protestant who recanted before burning and what was Mary’s response?
John Cheke, Mary did not publishsise this
