Henry VIII Foreign Policy

Question 1

What were Henrys 6 foreign policy aims?

Answer 1

• honour and glory
• aggression towards France
• maintaining links to the Netherlands
• peacemaker of Europe
• searching his dynasty
• collecting his pension

Question 2

Explain Henrys aim of pursing an aggressive policy towards France?

Answer 2

All English kings since Edward III had claimed the French throne and Henry continues this. Francophobia from aristocrats and soldiers was strong.

Question 3

Explain Henrys foreign policy aim of honour and glory?

Answer 3

Henry had the mindset of medieval nobility, with dreams of honour and glory. Based on chivalric ideals

Question 4

Why did Henry want to maintain links with the Netherlands

Answer 4

English cloth trade depended on Antwerp cloth market

Question 5

Explain Henrys foreign policy aim of being peacemaker of Europe?

Answer 5

Under Wolsey, Henry pursues honour through mediating peace

Question 6

Explains Henrys foreign policy aim of securing his dynasty

Answer 6

Henry tried to marry off members of his family to secure the Tudor line

Question 7

What treaty from the end of Henry VIIs reign entitled Henry to a French pension?

Answer 7

Treaty of Etaples

Question 8

Why did Henry want war with France? (5)

Answer 8

• war a kingly duty
• Henry keen for wider acclaim and recognition
• pro war faction in his privy chamber
• genuine belief in England claim on the throne
• marriage link to Spain who also had designs of Spain

Question 9

Which major powers were in the holy league and what was there original aim?

Answer 9

France, Spain, the Empire and the Papacy brought together by Pope Julius II to attack Venice

Question 10

When had the holy league ran its cause?

Answer 10

1511

Question 11

Why did the holy league gang up against France?

Answer 11

Louis XII threatened the independence of the Papal States

Question 12

When was the battle of the spurs?

Answer 12

1513

Question 13

When was the battle of Flodden?

Answer 13

1513

Question 14

The story of the battle of the spurs?

Answer 14

Henry personally led an army of 30,000 across the channel in June 1513

Question 15

Which towns were captured during the battle of the spurs?

Answer 15

• therouanne

* tournai

Question 16

What happened the towns captured during the battle of the spurs?

Answer 16

• therouanne given to emperor Maximilian

* tournament was garrisoned by England until 1518

Question 17

The story of the battle of Flodden?

Answer 17

James IV took advantage of Henry’s absence to launch an invasion. Defeated by Surrey

Question 18

What were the successes of the battle of Flodden for England?

Answer 18

• removed Scottish threat
• James IV died
• core of Scottish nobility died
• Margaret Tudor regent for infant James V

Question 19

What was the aim of the treaty of London?

Answer 19

To bind France, the Papacy, Spain, the Empire and England to action against the Ottoman Empire

Question 20

What did the treaty of London state?

Answer 20

• non aggression between countries

* collective security (any aggressor rounded upon by the other states)

Question 21

Why was the treaty of London a success? (3)

Answer 21

• prestige to Henrys reign
• ended threat of isolation in Europe
• further French pension in return for Tournai

Question 22

Why was the Treaty of London not a success?

Answer 22

it was a paper exercise and the treaty was broken very quickly

Question 23

What aim did the Treaty of London demonstrate and how?

Answer 23

Peacemaker of Europe, Henry, under Wolseys guidence hoped to gain honour through peace

Question 24

Why would it be impossible for Henry to be peacemakerr of Europe ?

Answer 24

The Habsburg Valios conflict as well as the nobility wanting war. This was out of Henry’s hands

Question 25

What year of the Treaty of Bruges and what did it state?

Answer 25

1521, Charles V was betrothed to Mary

Question 26

What battle occured in 1525?

Answer 26

the Battle of Pavia

Question 27

Evidence of how unreliable allies were responsible for failure (4)

Answer 27

1. Henry VIII was let down by Ferdinand in 1511
2. Charles V and Charles of Bourbon failed to follow through on promises during second campaign
3. Charles V failed to marry Mary
4. England was used to balance power in the Italian wars for French and Imperial interests and its own

Question 28

In what way was Henry responsible for unreliable allies leading to failure?

Answer 28

Henry was guilty of going back and forwards, for example the Field of Cloth of Gold immediently followed by the Treaty of Bruges

Question 29

The population of England, France and the HRE?

Answer 29

England: 2.75 million
France: 15 million
HRE: 23 million

Question 30

The revenue pa of England, France and the HRE?

Answer 30

England: £110,000
France: £350,000
HRE: £560,000

Question 31

An example of Henry’s lack of resources leading to failure?

Answer 31

The 1525 failure of the amicable grant resulting in his inability to exploit the situation after the battle of Pavia

Question 32

How much did the second french campaign cost?

Answer 32

£400,000

Question 33

How did unrealistic aims result in failure?

Answer 33

Failed to take into account Englands inferior position and hence set it up to fail

Question 34

When was Rome sacked and by whom?

Answer 34

1527 by imperial troops

Question 35

What did the sack of Rome in 1527 mean for Henry?

Answer 35

His divorce case now became a foreign policy issue

Question 36

What happened to foreign policy during the 1530s?

Answer 36

It essentially dries up with the death of Wolsey and focus on domestic issues

Question 37

When was Henry crowned king of Ireland?

Answer 37

1541

Question 38

What was the total cost of Henry VIII’s three french wars?

Answer 38

3.5 million

Question 39

How much did the French pay Henry in total due to the French Pension?

Answer 39

£730,000