March 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pheochromocytomas arise from _____ cells of the adrenal medulla, which are derived from _____ cells?

A

Chromaffin

Neural crest

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2
Q

Why are PDE-5 inhibitors CI when pt is on nitrates?

A

PDE-5 inhibitor prevent degradation of cGMP and can cause severe hypotension

PDE-5 normally inhibits cGMP which prevents NO-induced vasodilation
–but blocks its action–increase cGMP =vasodilation which is only increased with nitrates

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3
Q

What type of anemia can result from GI bleeding, such as with colon cancer?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia–microcytic anemia

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4
Q

Thalassemia major can be differentiated from iron-deficiency anemia by what, because they both result in microcytic anemia?

A

Normal iron level with thalassemia major

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5
Q

What are the 2 most common manifestations of AD von hippel-Lindau disease?

A

Hemangioblastomas and renal cell carcinoma

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6
Q

Pt with mid-shaft humerus fracture are suspected to have damage to what nerve and loss of what?

A

Radial nerve-C5-T1

Loss of extension of the wrist–wrist drop

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7
Q

What is the cause of the mutation to the CFTR gene on CH. 7 seen with CF?

A

Causes abnormal protein folding of the CFTR Cl- channel

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8
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication and which one(s) lower the jaw and which one(s) close the jaw?

A

Lower–Lateral pterygoid — Lateral Lowers

Close–Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid— M’s Munch

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9
Q

What are polymyxins used for and what are their side effects?

A

Used for gram (-) bugs–bind to and destroy cell membrane

Toxicities:

  • Numbness of extremities
  • Confusion
  • Drowsiness
  • Nystagmus
  • Blurred vision
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10
Q

What nerve can become compressed in athletes leading to decreased medial thigh sensation and decreased adduction?

A

Obturator–L2-L4

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11
Q

HbS during sickle cell crisis causes what type of shift in O2 dissociation curve?

A

Right shift–lower affinity for O2

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12
Q

Immunodeficiency that presents with coarse facies, recurrent staph abscesses, eczema and elevated IgE?

A

Job syndrome–Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome

Increase IgE and Decreased IFN-g–which leads to less phagocytic activity of macrophages b/c IFN-g is released from Th1 cells and activates macrophages

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13
Q

This enzyme is found in all tissues, phosphorylates glucose for conversion into storage glycogen and is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

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14
Q

What muscle is the origin of cremaster muscle?

A

Internal oblique

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15
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

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16
Q

Immunodeficiency that presents after 6 months of age, in boys, with lack of B-cell maturation and increased incidence of bacterial infections?

A

X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia

Markedly decreased IgG and IgM and low IgA

Absent/scanty lymph nodes and tonsils

17
Q

What runs through the Cardinal ligament?

A

Uterine artery and vein

18
Q

Niacin (Vit B3) deficiency results in what?

A

Pellagra

  • Diarrhea
  • Dementia
  • Dermatitis–C3/C4 dermatome circumferential “broad collar” rash
  • Hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs

Glossitis can occur with mild deficiency

19
Q

What branchial arches are responsible for generation of muscles that allow for palate elevation?

A

Branchial arches 3 and 4

3–stylopharyngeus—CN IX–swallow with style
4–Most pharyngeal constrictors; cricothyroid, levator veli palatini–CN X simply swallow

20
Q

What congenital infection is associated with a PDA?

A

Rubella

21
Q

What is deficient with maple syrup urine disease?

A

a-ketoacid dehydrogenase

22
Q

What is decreased in hemochromatosis?

A

Decreased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) which is an indirect measure of serum transferrin, a protein that binds iron in the blood stream –so you would have an increased saturation of transferrin

23
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Auer rods?

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia

24
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Down syndrome and t(15;17) translocation and what is the tx for this cancer?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia–responds to all-trans retinoid acid (Vit A)–which causes differentiation of promyelocytes

Commonly presents with DIC and Auer rod inclusions

25
Q

What personality disorder is characterized by unstable mood, impulsivity, suicidality and sense of emptiness?

A

Borderline personality disorder –Cluster B

26
Q

What is the prodrug of prednisolone and is converted by 11-B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase?

A

Prednisone

27
Q

What is responsible for formation of male external genitalia?

A

DHT–Dihydrotestosterone

Also responsible for secondary sex characteristics and causes increased size of epididymis and prostate.

5a-reductase converts testosterone to DHT

28
Q

What occurs across the RBC membrane when CO2 levels are elevated in the blood?

A

Cl- is exchanged for HCO3- so more Cl- enters the cell to compensate for the increased carbonic anhydrase activity

29
Q

What 2 cells utilize the SGLT which acquire glucose through co-transport with Na?

A

Enterocytes and nephron cells

30
Q

When determining primers for PCR what do you use?

A
Top 5' start--left
Bottom 5' start--right 
------->
5' ATAGTACCG------------GACTAGCAC 3'
3' TATCATGGC-------------CTGATCGTG 5'
31
Q

What type of HSR is serum sickness?

A

Type III HSR —immune complexes are formed and deposited in membranes where they fix complement

32
Q

What is seen in the CSF of pt with Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

Elevated protein

Normal cell count

33
Q

C. diff produces virulence factors that cause what cellular event to occur in the intestinal epithelial cells?

A

Apoptosis

Toxin-A binds to the brush border and Toxin- B which causes depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton