March 19 - NBME Flashcards
Transformation vs conjugation
Transformation: uptake of naked DNA
Conjugation: transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-cell contact
Bullous pemphigoid
blisters between epidermis and dermis due to anti-hemidesmosome antibodies. Urticarial lesions develop into tense bullae
Pemphigus vulgaris
Anti-desmosome antibodies againstdesmoglein 1 and 3 cause flaccid bullae
Anti-proteinase 3 antibodies
Another name for c-anca
Trigeminal nerve: sensory distribution and foramina
V1: superior orbital fissure; scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, and nose
V2: foramen rotundum; lower eyelid, cheek, nares, upper lips, teeth, and gums, nasal mucosa, palate
V3: foramen ovale; lower jaw and chin, tongue
Albinism: genetic defect
Autosomal recessive defect in tyrosinase which is required to produce melanin
Pancreatic cancer risk factors
smoking, age, african american, male, chronic pancreatitis, long standing type 2 diabetes, obesity
Definition of precocious puberty
Less than 8 in girls, less than 9 in boys
5’ cap functions (4)
- Regulation of nuclear export via cap binding complex
- Prevention of degradation by exonucleases
- Promotion of translation
- Promotion of 5’ proximal intron excision
G proteins
GTPases. On when GTP-bound, off when GDP-bound.
Neomycin
topical aminoglycoside antibiotic
Heteroplasy
Describes having more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual. Determines severity of mitochondrial genetic disease
Erection spinal reflex
Sensory through pudendal nerve
Parasympathetic outflow to penile BVs
Can be preserved in spinal cord injury if sacral spinal cord in tact (e.g. thoracic injury)
Pulmonary shunt
Normal perfusion but decreased ventilation (V/Q=0)
Seen in pulmonary edema and lung consolidation - mechanism of hypoxemia
Dextromethorphan MOA
In OTC cold and cough medications. NMDA antagonist and alpha agonist
Guiafenesin
Expectorant
Loratidine
2nd gen H1 antagonist
Collageneous colitis
Also called microscopic colitits. IBD affecting women in their 50s. Presents with watery diarrhea. Mucus looks normal on colonoscopy but shows collagen deposition in lamina propria on biopsy
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
Lobe of lung replaced with cystic, non-functional tissue
Papillary muscle rupture
Papillary muscles attach to cusps of AV valves via chordae tendinae. Complicaitn of MI. Leads to acute migral regurg, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock
Stages of change
- Precontemplation: not yet thinking about it
- Contemplation: thinking about it, made it a goal, but not doing anything yet
- Preparation: made it a goal, taken some steps and planning to do it soon
- Action: making the change
- Maintenance: sticking with it for at least 6 months
- Relapse: stopped doing the new behavior
Definitions of validity and bias
Validity: how well test or study answers question it was supposed to answer
Bias: nonrandom deviation from the truth that can’t be corrected by sample size
Corora amylacea
Small hyaline masses in the prostate, neuroglia, pulmonary alveoli of no known significance
Testicular torsion
Emergency: can lose the testicle. Rotation of the testicle resulting in strangulation of the blood supply. Seen in teens. PResents with severe pain, N/V, swelling of the scrotum
PE: loss of cremasteric reflex, pain not relieved by elevating the testis
Diag: clinical, color dopplar US
Treatment: surgery
Distinguishing testicular torsino and epididymitis
Torsion: pain not relieved by elevating the testis
Epididymitis: pain is relieved by elevating testis
Fanconi syndrome
Disease of proximal tubules in which glucose, amino acids, uric acids, phosphate, and bicarb cannot be reabsorbed and are passed into the urine. Loss of bicarb results in renal tubular acidosis. Loss of phosphate results in rickets. Polyuria and polydipsia, growth failure, electrolyte abnormalities
Risperidone
antipsychotic
Donepezil
Centrally aciting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Recurrent malaria
Due to persistence of hypnozoites in liver cells. Seen iwth vivax and ovale
Dysthymic disorder
Persistent low mood at least two years + two other depression symptoms
