Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Designated study period: daily cards > March 16 - GI > Flashcards

March 16 - GI Flashcards

1
Q

Osmotic laxatives

A

Polyethylene glycol, magnesium citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pigment stones: two causes

A
  1. Infection of biliary tract with bacteria or helminths. Causes release of beta glucuronidase which increases unconjungated bilirubin by deconjugating bilirubin

2, Crhonic hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Opioids and gallbladder

A

Opioids can cause contraction of sphincter of Oddi. This increases bile duct pressures causing biliary colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Graft-vs-host disease: liver

A

Lymphatic infiltration and destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts, similar to what is seen in PBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Riboflavin used to make FAD which is involved in TCA cycle and electron transport chain. In TCA cycle, needed for succinate dehydrogenase.
Def causes stomatitis, chelitits, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TCA cycle steps

A
  1. pyruvate to oxaloacetate
  2. oxaloacetate to citrate
  3. citrate to isocitrate
  4. isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate + NAD to NADH
  5. alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl coA + NAD to NADH
  6. succinyl coA to succinate + GDP to GTP
  7. succinate to fumarate + FAD to FADH2
  8. fumarate to malate
  9. malate to oxaloacetate + NAD to NADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

C diff colitis: toxins

A

enterotoxin A: causes watery diarrhea
cytotoxin B: causes colonic epithelial cell necoris and fibrin deposition

Both disrupt actin cytoskeleton, sirupting itght junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lipid digestion: location

A

Digestion occurs in duodenum

Abosrption occurs in jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pus formation

A

Macrophages at site release IL-8 which calls in neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

C3a vs C5a

A

C3a: chemotactic for basophils and eosinophils
C5a: chemotactic for neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pancreatic pseudocysts

A

Occurs as complication of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic enzymes leak out leading to inflammatory reaction. Granulation tissue forms and encapsulates fulid. Not a true cyst because it is lined by granulation tissue rather than epithelium. Over 4-6 weeks, granulation tissue develops into fibrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of intestinal atresia

A

Duodenal: failure of recanalization
Jejunal/ileal: vascular injury; decreased perfusion results in ischemia which results in narrowing or obliteration of a segment of bowel
Colonic: cause unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arsenic poisioning: presentation, causes, treatment

A

Causes: insecticide ingestion, contaminated well water

Presentation

  • acute: garlic odor, vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea, QT prolongation
  • chronic: hypo or hyperpigmentation, hyperkeartosis, stocking glove neuropathy

Treatmnet: dimercaprol (chelator that increases urinary excretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deferoxamine

A

Chelator for iron OD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CaNa2 EDTA

A

chelator for lead toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydroxycobalaminin

A

antidote for cyanide poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Methylene blue

A

treatment for methemoglobinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hamartonatous polyps

A

Generally benign polys. Disorganized mucosal glands, smooth muscle, connective tissue. Sporadic or associated with Peutz Jehghers or juvenile polyposis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Budd chiari syndrome: pathology and pathophysiology

A

Pathology: Dilation of sinusoids, perivenular hemoorhage
Cause: acute venous outflow obstruction in liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anal fissure: presentation and location

A

Presentation: sharp pain + bright red bleeding with defecation

Location: Posterior midline anus distal to dentate line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gastric varices

A

Two causes

1) portal HTN as complication of cirrhosis
2) splenic vein thrombosis as complication of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Short gastrics drain the fundus to thrombosis of the splenic vein increases pressure in the short gastrics and causes gastric varices isolated to the fundus

22
Q

Azygos veins and left gastric vein

A

Azygos: drains esophageal veins to SVC

L gastric: drains upper stomach and lower esophagus to portal vein

23
Q

Crohns and gallbladder

A

Terminal ileum inflamed in Crohns. Can’t reabsorb bile acids, resulting in increased cholesterol to bile ratio and gallstone formation

24
Q

PAS stain

A

Stains glycoproteins bright pink. Good for looking at fungal cell walls, mucus secretions, BMs. In GI good for looking for T whippelii in sm bowel (gram po actinomycete)

25
Q

Portal vein thrombosis

A

Portal HTN with liver unacffected as it si a perisinusoidal process

26
Q

CA19-9

A

Pancreatic cancer marker

27
Q

CA 125

A

Ovarian cancer marker

28
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen

A

GI cancer marker

29
Q

Crohns vs UC inflammation

A

Crohns: Th1 process resulting in granulomas
UC: Th2 process resulting in mucosal damage

30
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia: population,anatomy, cause

A

Population: male infants

Anatomy: superior to inguinal ligament. Lateral to inferior epigastrics. Protrudes through deep and superficial rings and is coveretd by all three fascial laters

Cause: Patent processus vaginalis

31
Q

Direct inguinal hernia: popualtion, anatomy, cause

A

Population: old men

Anatomy: superior to inguinal ligament. Medial to inferior epigastrics. Protrudes through Hesselbach’s triangle. Superficial ring only. Covered by external spermatic fascia only

Cause: weak transfersalis fascia

32
Q

Femoral hernia: population, anatomy, cause

A

Population: women

Anatomy: protrudes through femoral ring, inferior to inguinal ligament

Cause: weak proximal femoral canal

33
Q

Conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin

A

Conjugated is water soluble and excess can be excreted in urine

34
Q

Cavernous hemangioma

A

Most common benign tumor of liver. Most common in adults 30-50. Often asymtpomatic. No biopsy due to risk of bleeding.

35
Q

Liver tumor associated with oral contraceptives

A

hepatic adenoma

36
Q

Zenker diverticulum: pathophysiology and presentation

A

Pathophys: Abnormal action of cricopharyngeal muscles during swallowing (either spasm or failure to relax) results in increased pressure in the pharynx resulting in herniation of pharyngeal mucosa to form a false diverticulum

Presentation: dysphasia, coughing/choking sensation, halitosis, recurrent aspiration pneumonia

37
Q

Biliary sludge

A

Forms due to gallbladder hypomotility. Precursro to gallstones

38
Q

Cystinuria

A

Autosomal recessive. Increased urine cysteine. Early cysteine kidney stones.

39
Q

Locations of heart chambers

A

LA: most posterior, can compress underlying esophagus
RV: lateral right heart
RA: anterior and superior
LV: left lateral heart

40
Q

Diverticulitis: pathophys/pathology

A

Pulsion: increased pressure from straining leads to herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through weak areas of the muscularis

Most common in sigmoid colon

False diverciulum as does not include muscularis layer

41
Q

Bethanechol

A

Muscarinic agonist

42
Q

Cimetidine

A

H2 blocker

43
Q

Reye syndrome

A
  1. Hepatic dysfunction: vomiting, hepatomegaly, and increased LFTs. On path, microvescular steatosis (small fat vacuoles in hepatocyte cytoplasm)
  2. Encephalopathy: due to increased ammonia
44
Q

Two types of stomach cancer

A
  1. Diffuse type: signet ring cells (nucleus pushed to side), non-gland forming, diffuse involvement due to loss of e-cadherin
  2. Intestinal type: resembles colon cancer with well formed glands, grows as a well formed mass
45
Q

Acute viral hepatitis: pathology

A

ballooning degeneration
councilman bodies: eosinophilic/acidophilic apoptotic hepatocytes
mononuclear infiltrate

46
Q

Non-atrophic vs atrophic chronic gastritis

A

Non-atrophic: In antrum, usually due to H pylori, and leads to duodenal ulcers

Atrophic: inflammation in body and fundus leading to loss of acid producing cells, risk for cancer

47
Q

Pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones

A

Increased cholesterol
Decreased bile acids
Decreased phosphatidylcholine

48
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma in GI

A

Can cause diarrhea. Diagnosed by scope which shows red/violet maculopapular lesions to raised hemorrhagic nodules. Biopsy shows spindle cells and BV proliferation

49
Q

NEcrotizing enterocolitis: presentation, pathogenesis, and diagnossis

A

Presentation: distension and bloody stools in a preemie.

Pathogenesis: feeding introduces bacteria to bowel which proliferate excessively, invade the wall, and cause inflammation and ischemic necrosis

Diagnosis: thin curvilinear areas of lucency that parallel gut lumen on x-ray

50
Q

Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in alcoholics

A

Incareds NADH produced by EtOH metab

Results in decreased FFA oxidation and accumulation of TGs

Designated study period: daily cards (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions