Mapping the ncd epidemic Flashcards
CVD cardiovascular disease:
-Umbrella term referring to all diseases of the heart and blood vessels
- —- = leading cause of CVD deaths globally, followed by—
2020: 244.1 million living with CHD
More prevalent in — than in —
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
stroke
males than females
mapping NCD epidemic:
Non-communicable
Not— (e.g., via fluids, airborne, zoonotic)
Do not result from an ( — )— process
Disease – —
Often initially —
NCDs are characterized by:
-Multiple risk factors
-Usually develop and progress over — periods
-Cause premature — , — , and — quality of life
-Protracted period of — health
spread
acute infectious
chronic
insidious
long
morbidity , dysfunction , reduced
impaired
CVD :
- — in the age-standardized CVD death rate between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income countries (HIC) and some middle income countries (MIC)
- —- change (over past 25 years) is associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very — Social Development Index (SDI), but a gradual decrease or no change in most regions
- Death rates highest in areas with – deprivation index ( crude mortality rate can be used for heart disease in Scotland )
- Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) includes indicators such as unemployment, housing etc
declines
Socio-demographic
high
highest
CHD mortality:
- — improvements led to ~ 39% of the fall in mortality
- Reductions in — contributed more than one third (37%) of the decline (with no socioeconomic patterning)
-Smaller contributions came from falls in total — (9%), — (4%), and — (2%)
-However, increases in — and —- offset some of these benefits, diabetes showed strong socioeconomic patterning
-Improved — - 43% of the fall in mortality (evenly distributed across deprivation fifths)
-Notable treatment contributions came from — prevention for hypercholesterolemia (13%), — prevention drugs (11%), and chronic angina treatments (7%)
risk factors
systolic blood oressure
total cholesterol
smoking
imacitvity
obesity anf diabetes
improved treatments
primary prevention
2ndary prevention
COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease )
-Common – disease causing restricted — problems
-Sometimes called emphysema/chronic bronchitis
- — leading cause of death worldwide
-Expected to become the leading cause of death in – years
~328 million affected worldwide
lung
airflow/breathinf
3rd
15
COPD:
— = biggestenvironmentalcause of death worldwide
- — = most important individual risk factor
-Silent killer in LMICs
2.4 billion people cook using solid fuels (wood, charcoal, coal, etc.)
-3.2 million deaths from household air pollution yearly
–> 23% of all COPD deaths in adults in LMICs = due to household air pollution
air pollution
tobacco smoking
type 2 diabetes:
-The global prevalence (age-standardized) of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in adults
-This reflects an increase in associated risk factors such as being — or — (type 2 diabetes)
-Over the past decade, diabetes prevalence has risen faster in – than in —
- Diabetes is among the major causes of— , — , and – . It can also cause vision loss, blindness, and several socio-psych conditions.
-CVD accounts for– of deaths among diabetes patients
oversight or obese
LMIC ( lower middle income) that HIC
kidney failure , neuropathy , amupatation
70%
cancer: – leading cause of death globally
-Nearly 10 million deaths in 2020 (nearly 1 in 6)
- ~70% of deaths from cancer occur in LMIC
-Around one third of deaths from cancer are due to five leading risk factors:
— body mass index
– fruit and vegetable intake
lack of —
– and. —
2nd
high
low
physical activity
tobacco and alcohol
cancer:
— = most important risk factor
-Cancer causing — , such as hepatitis and human papilloma virus (HPV)
- — -stage presentation and inaccessible — and — are common
- In 2017, more than 90% of HIC reported treatment services were available compared to less than 30% of LIC
tobacco use
infections
late
diagnosis and treatment
risk factors:
“An aspect of — or — ,
an — exposure, or a — characteristic that is associated with an– in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or other health condition”.
personal behavior or lifestyle
enviormentak
heredity
increase
(Globalization —> for example, changing patterns of the availability of ultraprocessed food
Urbanization –> links to the ‘nutrition transition’ – children living in urban areas are more likely to be overweight/obese then those in rural areas. )
-alcohol :
-Malnutrition = Undernutrition, Overnutrition
–> Low Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) bear most of the — burden
—> LMIC have also been the recent drivers of increasing levels of– AKA DOUBLE BURDER OF MALUNIRTION IN LMIC
Although alcohol consumption has dropped in the recent years, Ireland still has very high levels of alcoholconsumption (9th among OECD countries)
Harmful drinking is very common in Ireland. (8th in the world for monthly binge drinking). >50% of drinkers in Ireland do so in a harmful way
Around 1 in 4 people in Ireland report not drinking alcohol at all (past year)
Alcohol causes over 1000 deaths a year in Ireland, or 3 deaths a day
- undernurtions
- overnurtiron
physical activity recommednations WHO:
-Young people aged 5–17
should accumulate at least — of — - to — physical activity daily
-Adults aged 18–64
should do at least — of — —- physical activity throughout the week or
-At least — of vigorous aerobic physical activity throughout the week or
-an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous activity
60 min moderate to vigours
150 min moderate-intense aerobic
75 min
air pollution:
Household and outdoor air pollution is the— leading cause of deaths from NCDs after —
SDG13: Climate action
obesity:
A NCD Risk factor
70-80% of obese – will become obese —
Global trends in age−standardized prevalence of obesity among adults 1980 to 2015
2nd
tobacco smoking
adolescents–> adults
- global burden of NCD:
Over 85% of premature NCD deaths (deaths between the ages of 30 and 69 years) occur in — countries - disease prevention:
1- primordial prevention : prevents — of —
2- primary prevention : manages — and prevents – of disease
3- secondary ( disease onset ) : — early , — promptly
4- tertiary: reduces — and — ) this is in clinical diagnosis)
low- and middle-income
development of risk factors
risk factors
consent
diagnosis , treat
complications and disability
a life course approach to health:
WHO promotes a life course approach to health
- temporal and social perspective
1- Critical periods of –
2- — developmental stages
3- – conditions
examples of population approaches to reduce NCD:
Regulation and Taxation
Promotion of healthy foods
Commercial products reformulated
Health literacy/Education
Active living and mobility can also be promoted
Clean air
Some interventions are more relevant and efficient at certain stages of the life course, but most of them will affect people at all ages.
growth
sensitive
socioeconomic
- late interventions impacts — groups
- earlier intervention improves —- and — to new challenges
vulnerable
functional capacity and responses
What factors need to be addressed o reduce NCD in LICs ? :
1-Investing in better — of NCDs is critical
2- Still a lack of recognition that a health systems — is key to the reduction of NCDs
3- Countries with inadequate health coverage are unlikely to provide — access to essential NCD interventions. In many LICs, those with chronic conditions often fail to receive adequate care
4-Over- — and weak — systems, need to be addressed
5-Approaches to care that empower service – to take responsibility for specific aspects of their own care
6-Addressing socio demographic risk factors need an – response
management
response
universal
centralisation
referral
users
inter sectoral
