blood transfusion Flashcards
blood:
One of the — organs distributed throughout the entire body
Blood circulates through the body’s –,—, –, –
70kg man = — L , — body weight
— % water and —% solids and
Temperature = 38C
Slightly —
pH 7.35-7.45
largest
heart arteries veins capillaries
5.6
7-8%
78% , 22%
slightly alkaline
functions of blood:
Carries – the body tissues:
oxygen
nourishment
electrolytes
hormones
vitamins
antibodies
heat
Carries – from the tissues
waste matter
carbon dioxide
to
away
composition of blood:
Plasma — % (~ — L)
— component of blood in which the cells are —
Complex — solution
–> Gases, salts, proteins, carbohydrates & lipids
Formed elements — %
Red cells (erythrocytes) —%
Platelets — %
White cells (leukocytes) < — %
Whole blood allowed to —
-clot removed
-remaining fluid is –
-serum does not contain coagulation factors
55%
3.5
liquid
suspended
aqueous
45%
99%
1%
1%
clot
serum
main blood group system:
At least — common antigens and 100s of rare antigens have been found on human blood cells
ABO and Rhesus (Rh) systems are of major clinical importance as they are associated with — reactions when —
Other antigens less likely to cause reactions but of forensic importance
– – parentage
30
transfusion
mistmatched
establish
ABO blood group antigens:
Variety of blood group antigens (— ) on RBCs
Most important and best known are – , —
Type A agglutinogen present
blood type —
Type B agglutinogen present
blood type —
Both A & B agglutinogens present
blood type —
Neither present
blood type –
agglutinogens
a , b
b
a
AB
O
check slide 9
1- Frequency of ABO blood groups antigens:
2- ABO group antigen and corresponding plasma agglutinins :
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies/agglutinins are found in — when corresponding antigen/agglutinogen is —
Blood group O has – antibodies in the plasma
Blood group AB has — in the plasma
Naturally occurring in – weeks /months of life
usually –
Why are these antibodies/agglutinins produced?
Perhaps small amounts of type A or B antigens enter the body in food, bacteria & initiate development of —
O — > 46
A —-> 42
B —> 9
AB –> 3
plasma
missing
both
neither
first
IgM
agglutinins
ABO blood group summary:
genotype: blood type: agglutinogen: agglutinins
oo : — : — : —
OA or AA: — : – : —
OB or BB : —- : — : —
AB — : — : —
O
none
anti a anti b
A
A
anti b
B
B
anti A
AB
A+B
none
rhesus blood groups:
Complex system of antigens with Mendelian inheritance C, c, D, E, e
Rh factors only detectable on —
Type – widely present in population & more antigenic than others
Rh positive generally means —
Rh negative generally means no —
85% of caucasians, 95% of black Americans, 99% of chinese and nearly 100% of black Africans are Rh+
rbc
type d
d positive
no d antigen
blood processing and storage:
Blood taken by — technique
Spun to separate red cells from — & —
— filtered out aka leucodepletion
Blood is tested for — and –
->syphilis, hepatitis B & C etc
->ABO & Rh blood groups
- — have progressively extended the shelf life of red cells :
–> — binds — & prevents —
–> — provides energy
- prior to transfusion of blood:
Blood Grouping/Typing & Cross-matching
aspetic
plasma and plaelets
white cells
pathogen and blood type
Preservatives
sodium citrate
calicum
clumping
dextrose
blood grouping:
grouping :
Determining red cell – in blood of donor and recipient
agglutination:
The — of cells in the presence of an –
antigen
clumping
antibody
blood grouping in lab using anti-sera:
group : anti A : anti B : anti Rh
a -ve : — : — ; —
b + : — : — : —
ab - : — : — : —
o + : — : — : —
agglutination
nil
nil
nil
agglutination
agglutination
agglutination
agglutination
nil
nil
nil
agglutination
prior transfusion of blood:
Cross-matching:
Mixing of – & — samples of blood
In cross-matching if agglutination occurs when donor and recipient’s blood are— together
indicates that the donor blood is —- for that recipient.
Ensures there was no — in ABO grouping of donor or recipient
Also ensures that recipient has no — occurring or — active against donors cells
donor and recipient
incubated
incompatible
no error
naturally or immune antibodies
ABO blood group transfusion :
antigen on rbc: antibodeis: frequecy UK: should receive blood group
o : — : —- : —
a : — : — : —
b : — : —: —
ab : — : — : —
anti a + anti b : 46 : o
anti b : 42 : a
anti a : 9 : b
Nil : 3 : a or b or ab
blood transfusion and suitability:
Universal donor:
Blood group – Rhesus —
May be given in emergency to patient with either A, B, AB & Rhesus — or — blood groups
Antibody titres may be high so may not be suitable if — volume of blood required
Universal recipient:
Blood group – Rh —
o
-ve
-ve and +ve
large
ab
+ve
transfusion reactions:
- Dangerous haemolytic transfusion reactions occur when blood transfused to an individual with an — blood group
-Plasma in the transfusion usually very — in the recipient so rarely see — against recipients cells
- If recipients plasma has antibodies against donor cells will result in — and —
- Severity of reaction may vary from minor rise in plasma bilirubin to — damage, – and –
incompatibile
diluted
aggulitation
aggylination and haemolytic
renal damage , anuria , death
rhesus incompatibility - haemolytic disease of newborn:
Mother Rh – , father Rh– , foetus Rh —
Transfer of foetal Rh – antigen to maternal circulation at birth stimulates production of — antibodies/agglutinins in mother.
Transfer of anti-Rh antibodies to Rh – foetus across placenta in subsequent pregnancies leads to — & — of foetal RBCs. — , –,—.
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
anti rh
agglutination & haemolysis
anaemia , jaundice , death
continued of rhesus incompatibility in newborn
D antigen is primary culprit in causing —
Treat mother by administering — antibodies —
The routine administration of such treatment to Rh negative mothers after the delivery of Rh +ve baby has reduced the incidence of disease by >90%
immunization
anti d
post partum
autologous trasfusion:
— demand due to anxiety over blood borne viruses
AIDS, hepatitis B/C
Pre-deposit of blood weeks prior to elective –
Blood removed immediately prior to surgery & re-infused at end of surgery
Salvage: blood — during — is — & then —
increased
surgery
lost
collected
re infused
