vascular risk factors Flashcards
- vascular disease is a disease which affects the —- of any part of the body and most often due to —
- pathophysiology of vascular disease is the — damage that results in —
arterial blood vessels
atherosclerosis
endothelial
vascular remodelling ( basically from endothelial dysfunction 10 years —> fatty steak 20-40 —> fibrous plaque20-40 —> plaque rapture 50+
conditions associated w vascular disease:
1- Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) : – , —
2- Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Intermittent –
3- Aortic Atherosclerosis:
Thoracic or abdominal —- (AAA)
4- Renal Vascular Disease
Renal artery stenosis and/or ischaemicnephropathy
5-Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) — and —
angina , MI
claudication
aortic aneurysm
stroke , trandient ischemic attack
1- coronary artries symptoms are — , — , – while signs are No overt clinical signs, look for features associated with risk factors e.g. Xanthelasma ( — )
2- peripheral artries as limb have pain in — brought by — and relieved by — while signs Pale, cool peripheries
Weak / absent pulses
Hair / Nail changes
3- abdominal aorta; — pain radiating to the – while signs are — and pulsatile –
4- cerebral vessels Word finding difficulties / Difficulty expressing oneself
Weakness
Visual disturbance
and signs are:
Facial droop
Visual field deficit
Abnormal speech
Unilateral weakness
Altered sensation
1- chest pain , shortness of breath and diaphoresis
- hyperlipedimia
2- pain in calf/thigh/butt
excersise
rest
3- abdominal pain
back
palpable
mass
- Narrowed blood vessels results in — blood supply
- – occurs when blood supply is inadequate to meet demand
-Often exacerbated by exercise as demand is increased and the narrowed vessels are unable to meet this increased demand
-‘Rest’ pain suggests more – disease as the blood supply in the rest state is inadequate
reduced
pain
advanced
-Plaque rupture often results in — , —- i.e. No blood reaching the –
-Presents as —,— onset symptoms of the region supplied by the affected vessel
Coronary arteries → —
Peripheral arteries → —
Cerebral arteries → —
acute , complete occlusion
tissue
acute and sudden
MI
acute ishcemic limb
stroke
Stroke: an – focal — deficit of— origin that lasts for – 24 hours or leads to –
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA): — syndrome of an — focal neurological or – deficit of vascular origin that lasts — 24 hours but usually only lasts a —
acute
neurological
vascular
over
death
clinical
acute
ocular
under
few minutes
1- non modifiable risk factors:
Age
Gender
Family history
Race
Personal history
2- modifiable risk factors:
Hypertension
Diet
Cholesterol
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
Alcohol ( <17 males <11 females)
Physical activity
management by medication:
Smoking cessation
Nicotine replacement
— lowering →
ACE-Inhibitors/ARBs
Calcium-channel blockers
Diuretics
— lowering →
Statins
Fibrates
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
PCSK9 inhibitors
blood pressure
cholesterol
management by medication :
Hypoglycaemics
Biguanides e.g. Metformin
Sulphonylureas e.g. Glyburide
DPP-4 Inhibitorse.g. Linagliptin
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT-2)Inhibitorse.g. Dapagliflozin
Insulin
Antiplatelets : — , —
aspirin , clopidogrel
key points:
- Vascular disease affects the — vessels of any part of the body
- — of the arteries is the main pathological process
- Manifestations of vascular disease depend on the – involved and the — of disease
-Important modifiable risk factors are smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, lifestyle and Diabetes
-Primary prevention aims to modify these risk factors before the onset of disease
arterial blood vessels
atheroscleorosis
artries
severity
